What Is Calculus Definition and Practical Applications

Calculus is a branch of mathematics that involves the study of rates of change. Before calculus was invented, all math was static: It could only help calculate objects that were perfectly still. But the universe is constantly moving and changing. No objects—from the stars in space to subatomic particles or cells in the body—are always at rest. Indeed, just about everything in the universe is constantly moving. Calculus helped to determine how particles, stars, and matter actually move and change in real time. Calculus is used in a multitude of fields that you wouldnt ordinarily think would make use of its concepts. Among them are physics, engineering, economics, statistics, and medicine. Calculus is also used in such disparate areas as space travel, as well as determining how medications interact with the body, and even how to build safer structures.  Youll understand why calculus is useful in so many areas if you know a bit about its history as well as what it is designed to do and measure. Key Takeaways: Fundamental Theorem of the Calculus Calculus is the study of rates of change.Gottfried  Leibniz and  Isaac Newton, 17th-century mathematicians, both invented calculus independently. Newton invented it first, but Leibniz created the notations that mathematicians use today.There are two types of calculus: Differential calculus determines the rate of change of a quantity, while integral calculus finds the quantity where the rate of change is known. Who Invented Calculus? Calculus was developed in the latter half of the 17th century by two mathematicians, Gottfried  Leibniz and  Isaac Newton. Newton first developed calculus and applied it directly to the understanding of physical systems. Independently, Leibniz developed the notations used in calculus. Put simply, while basic math uses operations such as plus, minus, times, and division (, -, x, and à ·), calculus uses operations that employ  functions and integrals  to calculate rates of change. Those tools allowed Newton, Leibniz, and other mathematicians who followed to calculate things like the exact slope of a curve at any point. The Story of Mathematics  explains the importance of Newtons fundamental theorem of the calculus: Unlike the static geometry of the  Greeks, calculus allowed mathematicians and engineers to make sense of the motion and dynamic change in the changing world around us, such as the orbits of planets, the motion of fluids, etc. Using calculus, scientists, astronomers, physicists, mathematicians, and chemists could now chart the orbit of the planets and stars, as well as the path of electrons and protons at the atomic level. Differential vs. Integral Calculus There are two branches of calculus:  differential and integral calculus. Differential calculus studies the derivative and integral calculus studies...the integral, notes the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. But there is more to it than that. Differential calculus determines the rate of change of a quantity. It examines the rates of change of slopes and curves. This branch is concerned with the study of the rate of change of functions with respect to their variables, especially through the use of derivatives and differentials. The derivative is the slope of a line on a graph. You find the slope of a line by calculating the rise over the run. Integral calculus, by contrast, seeks to find the quantity where the rate of change is known. This branch focuses on such concepts as slopes of tangent lines and velocities. While differential calculus focuses on the curve itself, integral calculus concerns itself with the space  or area under the curve. Integral calculus is used to figure the total size or value, such as lengths, areas, and volumes. Calculus played an integral role in the development of navigation in the 17th and 18th centuries because it allowed sailors to use the position of the moon to accurately determine the local time. To chart their position at sea, navigators needed to be able to measure both time and angles with accuracy. Before the development of calculus, ship navigators and captains could do neither. Calculus — both derivative and integral — helped to improve the understanding of this important concept in terms of the curve of the Earth, the distance ships had to travel around a curve to get to a specific location, and even the alignment of the Earth, seas, and ships in relation to the stars. Practical Applications Calculus has many practical applications in real life. Some of the concepts that use calculus include motion, electricity, heat, light, harmonics, acoustics, and astronomy. Calculus is used in geography, computer vision (such as for autonomous driving of cars), photography, artificial intelligence, robotics, video games, and even movies. Calculus is also used to calculate the rates of radioactive decay in chemistry, and even to predict birth and death rates, as well as in the study of gravity and planetary motion, fluid flow, ship design, geometric curves, and bridge engineering. In physics, for example, calculus is used to help define, explain, and calculate motion, electricity, heat, light, harmonics, acoustics, astronomy, and dynamics. Einsteins theory of relativity relies on calculus, a field of mathematics that also helps economists predict how much profit a company or industry can make. And in shipbuilding, calculus has been used for many years to determine both the curve of the hull of the ship (using differential calculus), as well as the area under the hull (using integral calculus), and even in the general design of ships. In addition, calculus is used to check answers for different mathematical disciplines such as statistics, analytical geometry, and algebra. Calculus in Economics Economists use calculus to predict supply, demand, and maximum potential profits. Supply and demand are, after all, essentially charted on a curve—and an ever-changing curve at that. Economists use calculus to determine the  price elasticity of demand. They refer to the ever-changing supply-and-demand curve as elastic, and the actions of the curve as elasticity. To calculate an exact measure of elasticity at a particular point on a supply or demand curve, you need to think about infinitesimally small changes in price and, as a result, incorporate mathematical derivatives into your elasticity formulas. Calculus allows you to determine specific points on that ever-changing supply-and-demand curve. Source Calculus Summary. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, January 10, 2000, Cambridge, MA.

Cross Cultural Interview Interview of an African-American...

As I entered the home to conduct my interview, I was immediately greeted by very soft spoken female. She’s a 42 yrs old African American female, who’s married with two children. She migrated from the south 30 years ago along with her mother and sister. She’s currently working for the Department of Education as a substitute teacher with aspiration of becoming a child psychologist. The subject was eager to be interviewed. She thought it would be great to sure her views and perspectives of her culture. Culture is defined by Webster’s Dictionary as , the total of the inherited ideas, beliefs, values, and knowledge, which constitute the shared bases of social action. To me culture is rich and fascinating filled with family, traditions, memories, and many dialects. Our subject is an African American female. The historical roots of the African American family are in Africa and as a result the family can trace its origin to a distinct culture and society. Since the family’s origins are in Africa they came from a society with different norms and values. A society composed of many different tribes, each with their own language, customs and traditions. They placed a strong emphasis on the family and kinship ties. Their communities depended on cooperation, assistances and well maintained social order. When a woman was married, she was considered the wife of the family not just the husband (Franklin, 1967-28-31). In today’s world there are many stereotypes that plague the AfricanShow MoreRelatedThe Concept of Gender and Gender Identity1223 Words   |  5 Pagesthe baby is. Parents get ready months in advance to set up the baby room for their boy or girl. Yet sex and gender are two different things. Sex is referring to a person’s genitals while gender is more in the line of the social and cultural aspects of being a man or a woman. Transgenderism and transsexuality is â€Å"when an individual identifies with a gender inconsistent or not culturally associated with their assigned sex, i.e. in which a persons assigned sex at birth conflicts with their psychologicalRead MoreMichael Jackson Sang The Famous Line, If You Wan Na Make The World A Better Place1495 Words   |  6 Pagesitself is a free medium that poets utilize to express their thoughts and emotions. Langston Hughes, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Maya Angelou, and Naomi Shihab Nye’s cultural experiences helped to form their respective views on empathy for others. Although they were not all born at the same time, their diverse upbringings (whether African-American or Middle-Eastern) is what made their lives and work stand apart in eras that made them susceptible to discrimination. All four of these different poets triedRead MoreInfluence Of Western Customs Of Wedding Essay9329 Words   |  38 Pagesformal Education system. This study will employ purposive and snowballing sampling techniques. The study will be carried using in-depth interviews; semi structured questionnaires and focus group discussion. Within the same sample pool, researcher will use different methods to increase the validity of the data by using face-to-face interviews and focus group interviews simultaneously. The study will conduct a thematic analysis of the qualitative data. LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: SampleRead MoreHow Does Drag Affect Stereotypes About Gay Men And The Adventures Of Priscilla Queen Of The Desert1150 Words   |  5 Pagessurviving the tourist season, the Red Cross, as well as attending other local activities. The performers at the 801 also raise funds for the club that they work; this is done to improve and change the sets that they use. Taylor and Rupp (2003) write that â€Å"Collective identity, or a sense of ‘we-ness,’ is activated through interactions among members of marginalized groups in netwrks and free spaces outside the surveillance of dominant groups†¦ [and] that cultural norms have the potential to constructRead MoreHeritage Assessment1404 Words   |  6 Pageswhich are guided by cultural beliefs. This essay will discuss the usefulness of applying a heritage assessment in evaluating the needs of the whole person. Also, I will expound on interviews conducted with three cultural families with comparison differences in heal th tradition between these cultures on health maintenance, protection and restoration. One of the families to be discussed is the writer of this essay. Heritage assessment is an important step toward building cultural competency. ThisRead MoreGender, Gender And Sexuality Essay1748 Words   |  7 Pages(1971 in Cooky p. 143), social order is maintained through a dynamic process of coercion and consent whereby dominant groups produce dominant cultural beliefs, called hegemonic ideologies, and subordinated groups to consent to structural conditions that may be oppressive given the power of hegemonic ideologies. For Gramsci, consent is secured through the â€Å"cultural leadership of the dominant grouping† (Cooky, p. 143) Patricia Hill Collins’ theoretical framework was informed by Gramscian theories on theRead MoreChange: Racial Tensions Since Obama’s Presidency1402 Words   |  6 PagesRacial tensions are a prominent issue in today’s society. Barack Obama being the first elected African American president has led America to a cultural evolution. As our country grows in diversity everyday it is important for citizens to recognize the change in racial tensions across the nation. Racial tension has always existed, especially here in the South, but it has changed particularly during Obama’s presidency. Racial tensions have changed in both positive and negative ways that affect everyoneRead MoreWhat is anthropology and why we should study it?1857 Words   |  8 Pagesincurred have made me the person I am today. I think that it is important to familiarize yourself with other cultures not just in business but it will aid in smoother business transactions. In the following para graphs I will discuss the breadth of cultural anthropology. Anthropology and the vast fields that are included in the study cannot be summarized in one paper. I will attempt to cover as much as I can in the following pages. I will also relate Anthropology to college students today and explainRead MoreEssay on Colonial Oppression of Women1123 Words   |  5 PagesColonial and Postcolonial debates along with the issues of Feminism have always been challenging discourses. The present day world with the constant cultural encounters and clashes as well as the ideas regarding pluralism and multiculturalism motivates a curiosity on the part of the onlooker to search the answer to the question who is who in todays world when there is a continuous struggle between different countries not only politically and militarily but also culturally. In this situation theRead MoreEssay on Personal Heritage Assessment1520 Words   |  7 Pagesmaintenance, health protection and health restoration. Also this paper will identify health traditions as regards to cultural heritage of the writer, then how the three families interviewed in this paper follow their customs and how important their traditions and practices are to them. Heritage can be described as the degree of which one’s lifestyle reflects his/her tribal culture. Cultural heritage exist in a continuum and a person can possess values both the traditional –living within the norms of

Computer Benefits free essay sample

Science and technology Adv of technology First of all, technologies play a very important role in society because it makes life easier to live on and less time consuming. Technology has the ability to create shortcuts in working. People do not have to do all the hard labor anymore. For example, microwave ovens cook food easily without using any stoves and making a big mess. Some decade ago, there were no gas or electric stoves, people have to get firewoods and lighting them up for cooking. Technology makes things very easy to use comparing it in the old fashion way. Moreover, medical science is very progressive and saves many innocent lives. Medical treatment has been going well with the help of technology. Nowadays, hospitals use technology as the assistance for the operation. Doctors use machines to produce medicine to cure sickness and the discovery of x-ray enable doctors to treat some kinds of diseases. We will write a custom essay sample on Computer Benefits or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the otherhand, the application of science leads to the development of technology. Technology comes from the Greek word tekne, which means art, craft or skill. Technology is the art craft and skill of harnessing scientific knowledge. Technology has improved the quality of life in many ways. DNA Analysis is now used to solve crimes. Packaged livelihood technologies produce goods and provide work and income. Nuclear research has brought about technologies fro treating cancer, preserving food and providing energy. Harnessing energy from the sun has brought about solar powered batteries for calculators and watches. The aqualung allowed man to explore the ocean depths thereby opening the underwater world for deeper exploration. In addition to this, science and technology influences our lives. These inventions that have changed the world are products of genuises who altogether make up only a small percentile of the millions of people who inhabit the earth. Disad of tech However, there is always a down side to everything. As a saying goes, there is no such thing as free lunch. Technological advancement has its own negative effects. For example, the burning of fossil fuels is primarily to energize the modern worldand to power cars. However, it has degraded the quality of air we breathe and has caused other environmental hazards with health threatening effects that adversely affect life. On the contrary, technology also brings harm to our society. The booming of industrialization and development causes pollutions to our world. For example, the smoke from the vehicles and machines affects the quality of air and destroy the ozone layer. As a result, people suffer illness like cancers. In addition, technologies also create financial problems in families because most of the technologies are expensive like computers. People that cannot afford to buy this kind of technology will live in a stressful life. For example, people that do not have washing machine will have to wash clothes by hand which is time consuming Computer benefits free essay sample In todays modern world, computers are needed everyday. Around the world, children use computers from the time they are little. Its true that children should have fun when they are young; however, in my opinion, a child who knows how to use the computer will be more successful in the future. My reasons for this view are personal, academic and professional. From a personal point of view, computers can help young people to learn more about the world. For example, some children use the Internet to find information on different subjects. In this way, they learn to find answers by themselves. By using the computer when they are little, children feel more comfortable around computers. They also know how to use the computer for different reasons. From an academic viewpoint, children have to learn how to use this new invention. For instance, when I was in college, many students used to bring their laptops to class. We will write a custom essay sample on Computer benefits or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They used to take notes, do research and share information. They wrote their essays, made presentations and created useful lists. Children who can use the computer when they are young have more confidence than other children. From a professional perspective, the computer is found in every kind of office. Today, employers will still hire people who cannot use computers and give them computer training. But tomorrow, companies will expect people to have these skills already. As a result, by encouraging children to use the computer for a short time every day, parents are preparing their children for future jobs. In conclusion, it is clear that computers are now a part of our regular life. Children who can use computers easily and confidently will do better in the future.

The Valley Essays - Political Culture, Social Agreement,

The Valley 1. There are several instances in The Valley that show that customs and traditions pass on through different generations. The first example takes place with the first sketch, Jehu. Where Hinojosa describes how a girls hand in marriage is traditionally asked for. Hinojosa weaves in two different generation performing the same tradition, Roque Malacara, asking for Tere, and Braulio Tapia taking in retro-spect about his own experience, when he too had to face his father-in-law and ask for his wives hand in marriage. Another example of traditions is the giving of nicknames, or apodos. From making the name easier, to naming them for a characteristic, nicknaming is seen through out the different generations, families, and cities. Like Vicky for Eduviges, Panchita for Francisca, Chedes for Mercedes, and Rafa for Rafael. Nicknames were also give for other reasons like physical or personality characteristics, such as Hoarsey because his voice was that, or Mion because he happen to pee in his pants. Yet another example of traditions and customs through out different generations, is the oral tradition. Jehu and Rafa both narrate part of their story, the same way the viejiots did about the Revolution. The same way their children with talk about their own experience. The oral tradition is one of the ways customs or traditions are kept alive through out the years. Creative Writing

5 Ways to Shake It Up Without Changing Careers

5 Ways to Shake It Up Without Changing Careers Feeling stifled? Desperate for a major change? Want to chase your dream to another continent, or to another career altogether? Feel any or all of those desires, but realize with a pang that you simply can’t just up and totally change your career? There are still ways you can get back in a groove and get excited about your job again without throwing the baby out with the bathwater.Try these five strategies first before decided on changing careers.1.  Start from withinIf things are really stale, you always have two options that aren’t the nuclear one. First, you can change your role within your own industry. Or, you can keep your job but change to another field. Try switching from corporate law to entertainment law. Or from serving and bartending to managing. Or from at-home nursing to ER nursing. These feel like big changes, but they don’t involve scrapping your entire career!2. Try your hand at consultingThis word covers quite a bit of ground. The nutshell of t his strategy is to figure out what you know because of your career so far and figure out who needs that knowledge and skill. Could you teach? Develop textbooks or manuals or training guides? Recruit? This keeps you squarely in your wheelhouse, where you’ve been successful, but doesn’t require you to learn a whole new set of skills.3.  Think about how your role could changeThere’s always the option of sticking with your current company, but changing jobs within it. Have a think about your colleagues- is there anything they do that you think would be more fulfilling to you? Ask questions. Chat with your boss about shifting your responsibilities and taking on new challenges. Figure out what you need to brush up on and prove- if only to yourself- that you can learn new things.4. Find joy in extracurricularsSo maybe you can’t change even your job in a significant way, for whatever reason. You can still do more, and different, things! Try volunteering, or tak e a guest bartending gig, or start a blog, or join forces with friends or colleagues to work for a foundation. Doing a bit of good in the world, or a bit of freelance work, can give you the breath of fresh air you need to put your work in better perspective.5. Keep honoring that little voiceMaybe you’ll follow these strategies and still can’t deny that overwhelming desire to chuck it all and do something totally different with your life. If that voice just won’t go away, no matter what else you do or how you tweak the margins, that might be the sign you need. Check in with yourself from time to time and see how you feel. You’ll know when it’s time to light the match.Five Easier Alternatives to Totally Changing Careers

The Proper Self

The Proper Self Introduction Socialization refers to the social experiences of the day to day life, which make human beings develop and learn culture. Contrary to other species on earth human beings need social experiences in order to learn and develop a culture.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Proper Self specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The existence of human beings is not biologically set; hence, every social development calls for socialization. In identifying the self or personality, social experience is needed which is at the core of personality. It essentially puts interest in the person’s patterns of acting which must be consistent with the thinking and the feelings of the said person. The developing of a personality takes others so as to develop. A century before it was wrongly believed that human beings depend on instincts a thing was later disputed by the mere realization that instincts could only work in animal s. Major theories were later advanced to lay a distinction between the developments of people in terms of gender (Macionis Gerber, 2011). Development of personality The development of different cultures in human beings has been said to have a special link with the gender of that person. Boys and girls in their personality development are said to use different standards to qualify what is right or wrong. Boys are said to have a justice perspective whereby the formal rules are strictly used to define what is right or wrong. To the contrary, girls are said to have a care and responsibility approach of what is right or wrong (Macionis Gerber, 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The socialization process has a core part called the self. The self is defined as part of an individual composed of the recognition of a self and the image of a self. The self is said to develo p with the social experience of an individual. At birth, the self is not held to exist, and any suggestion in support of the notion that biological effects have a role in the developing of a self are untrue. There is no seeable link between the biological maturation and the development of the self (Macionis Gerber, 2011). The growth of the self A vital part in the development of the self as before mentioned is socialization. The interaction of individuals is the propelling force behind the realization of a self. Without interactions as seen in cases of isolated children, the body grows, but the emerging of the self remains stagnant. Human beings are said to interpret and understand actions and intentions of fellow human beings. The realization of self is grounded on determination to observe the self from another’s point of view. By imagining the role of another, the self emerges (Macionis Gerber, 2011). Effects of music videos on growth of self Having discovered that, the t rue self comes from imitation the socialization of children is worth scrutiny. The main socialization tool in the world today is the media. It becomes imperative to bring the â€Å"Dreamworlds3† under consideration (Sut Jhally, 2008). The very explicit nature of the video in exposing the different aspects that the music videos portray and the damaging image that they have on children and teenagers. As already seen before, the process of discovering self is made up of imitation, and children’s discovery of self may be influenced by such videos.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Proper Self specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The result of such videos is that they will build personalities which tend to objectify a woman and have disastrous notions that the masculine gender is powerful and can get away with anything. Girls will feel endangered by watching, such videos and their socialization aspect of life are greatly influenced negatively (Sut Jhally, 2008). Conclusion The effects of phonographic videos in the media today have greatly influenced the socialization of teenagers in trying to imitate what they see in the videos. It follows that the teenagers personalities will be interfered with and their perception on the opposite gender will be affected. Some will be permissible to certain vices while others will grow feeling endangered. Crimes such as rape can not be ruled out. References Macionis, J. J., Gerber, L. M. (2011). Sociology. Toronto: Pearson Canada. Sut Jhally (2008). Dreamworlds3Desire, Sex Power in Music Video. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDMo5cIJN3AAdvertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

SPSS-Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SPSS-Analysis - Assignment Example This assignment describes the E-commerce topic that is a growing trend in the current business field. For this reasons, persons operating within the business industry should take a keen interest in the behaviors of consumers operating within the e-commerce business segment. To gain a better understanding, the researcher reviews previous literature on this subject and understands the various gaps and strengths that we can utilize to conduct future research. In this regard, this assignment discusses in detail two notable quantitative research analysis methods that have been employed in previous research and could potentially be useful for future studies in the area of e-commerce. The two research methods that we will be looking at are Partial least squares path modeling (PLS-SEM) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The first method, PLS-SEM, was utilized in the research article â€Å"Influences of gender and product type on online purchasing†. The second method EFA was utiliz ed in the research â€Å"Customer loyalty in e-commerce: an exploration of its antecedents and consequences†. After review the analysis and results of both articles, it is conclusive that the researchers were keen on the expected data analysis section of their chosen methods. An EFA analyses and their results are clear and easily understood by the audience. As for Pascual-Miguel, Agudo-Peregrina, and Chaparro-Pelà ¡ez , they had to modify a section of the data analyses for it to fit their collected data and the end results were satisfactory.

Not yet confirmed. Something with politics or international law, but Essay

Not yet confirmed. Something with politics or international law, but an easy one - Essay Example ility to target a wide group of public and because the people themselves can start revolutions and take active decisions through the use of this media. Social media can serve a number of significant purposes in the modern societies. They are used as active modes of communication, raising awareness about political and social matters, entertainment, education, news and publications, public announcements, current affairs and so on. Also, the social media impacts the arena of modern politics through a combination of the important interfaces of social communications and the use of technology. This report is prepared with the aim of discussing and evaluating the role of social media in different political unrest situations. The report is prepared by introducing social media followed by an analysis of the impact of social media on the national and international political scenarios. This is done by considering the examples of political unrest and protests in countries like Middle East, Philippines, Moldova and Iran and analysing the role that social media played in aggravating or controlling these situations. The report also includes a discussion about the advantages and disadvantages of social media in politics. A suitable conclusion is given by summarizing the entire write up and highlighting the main findings from the report. Social Media Network (SMN) is a part of the Information Communication Technologies (ICTs). The social media networks can be defined as the online utilities and tools that facilitate communication, collaboration and participation in information generation through the digital mediums. 1Social media is an extended part of media which uses the information communication technologies to communicate and collect information through different channels formed by the convergence of technologies available in the foray of computing, microelectronics, optoelectronics, broadcasting, software and telecommunications. 2It can also be said that the social media

Theoretical Background Essay Example for Free

Theoretical Background Essay Purchasing is â€Å"Critical to supply chain efficiency because it is the job of the purchasing to select suppliers and then establish mutually beneficial relationships with them. Without good suppliers and without superior purchasing, supply chains cannot compete today’s† marketplace. Purchasing is also very involved in product design and development work. Many â€Å"manufacturers have found out that manufacturing costs can be reduced, product quality maximized, and new products brought to market at a much faster rate if purchasing brings the key suppliers into the product design and development at the earliest stage of process. † And purchasing is directly involved in the implementation of e-commerce systems. (Fitzgerald, 2000) Purchasing is responsible for obtaining the materials, parts, supplies, and services need to produce a product or provide a service. You can get some idea of the importance of purchasing when you consider that, in manufacturing, upwards of 60 percent of the cost of finished goods comes from purchased parts and materials. Furthermore, the percentages for purchased inventories are even higher for retail and wholesale companies, sometimes exceeding 90 percent. Nonetheless, the importance of purchasing is more than just the cost of goods purchased; other important factors include the quality of goods and services and the timing of deliveries of goods and services, both of which can have a significant impact on operations. The goal of purchasing is to develop and implement purchasing plans for products and services that support operation strategies. Among the duties of purchasing are identifying sources of supply, negotiating contracts, maintaining a database of suppliers, obtaining goods and services that meet or exceed operations requirements in a timely and cost-efficient manner, and managing suppliers. Thus, purchasing select suppliers, negotiates contracts, establishes alliances, and acts as liaison between suppliers and various internal departments. Purchasing is taking on increase importance as organizations place greater emphasis on supply chain management, quality improvement, clean production, and outsourcing. Moreover, business-to-business buying relationships are changing: although traditional relationships currently account for the lion’s share of buying relationships, they are expected to decrease substantially by the middle of  the decade, while Web-based auctions and manage inventory relationships are expected to grow. In addition, increasing globalization will continue to have an impact on purchasing. (McGraw-Hill, 2007) The purchasing function in business organizations is becoming increasingly important. Among the reasons are increased levels of outsourcing, increased used of the Internet, greater emphasis on supply chain management, globalization, and continuing efforts to reduce costs and increase quality. Among purchasing responsibilities are obtaining the materials, parts, supplies and services needed to produce a product or provide a service. Price, quality and reliability and speed of delivery are important variables. Purchasing selects suppliers, negotiates contracts, and establishes alliances, and act as liaison between supplier and various internal departments. It also is involved in value analysis, vendor analysis, make-or-buy analysis, supplier audits, and supplier certification. (Morgan, 1994) In many business organizations there is a move to reduce the number of suppliers and to establish and maintain longer-term relationships with suppliers. Supplier partnerships may involve cooperation that takes the form of sharing of planning and information, and perhaps cooperation in product and process design. (Morgan, 1994) An underlying consideration in purchasing, as in all areas of business, is maintaining ethical standards. The supplement provides a recommended set of ethical practices in purchasing. (Morgan, 1994) Although often associated with the public sector, purchasing groups are also an alternative considered more and more by managers of the private sector. A purchasing group increases volume consolidation, making it possible to have only one negotiation, in order to increase the purchasing group members power vis†Ãƒ  Ã¢â‚¬ vis that of its suppliers. However, a purchasing group also constitutes an additional link in the supply chain and its objectives could go contrary to those of some of its members. This is why organisations considering joining a purchasing group should analyse this option strategically, in order to assess correctly the potential long†term benefits. (Nollet Beaulieu, 2005)

Advancement of Medical Procedures from the Civil War

Advancement of Medical Procedures from the Civil War Abstract The question being answered through a wide range of sources is, to what extent did the Civil War deaths caused by surgeries and infections advance evolution in the medical field for future generations? A large variety of medical procedures that exist today seem to be newly introduced to the world of dedicated studies to medicine when in reality those same practices have existed previously and simply have taken on more efficient forms than its predecessors. These methods evolved through the concept of rising demands in the community and urge to be able to provide the most efficient and sanitary idea of completing procedures such as surgeries and amputations. This method and concepts were first introduced in the Civil War where firing weapons had become of mass use to the soldiers in the north and south of the country. These weapons caused tremendous number of injuries, most fatal or life threatening. The only way to save those on the edge of death was risking the introduction of surgi cal methods/opportunities of limb amputation. This idea seemed farfetched at the time of existence but there soldiers had no other option as it was a matter of life or death. This essay touches base on many of these procedures and puts into perspective just how dangerous they were even when trying to save the lives of so many victims. Not only were these methods used in the past but they still are to this day in much more advanced forms having evolved to become more prevalent to victims with all forms of injuries, providing the greatest benefits to them. Over time there have been changes in these procedures thanks to the growing knowledge in the medical field brought upon by these early surgeons who sparked the advancement of medical methods of practice. Introduction Today there exists medical procedures that may have seemed impossible to achieve and yet have been created and are being used effectively. These, of course, did not appear spontaneously. Over the course of the decades, the demand for more efficient medical procedures and tools grew as deaths caused by the inefficiency were far too high. Various events and situations influenced these advancements that shaped the future to be far superior. The only question left to be answered is to what extent did the Civil War deaths caused by surgeries and infections advance evolution in the medical field for future generations? From the stench of dead tissue drifting through the unsanitary, swarmed camps to the unglamorous sicknesses of syphilis and diarrhea, our current views towards Civil War therapeutic practices is greatly supported. While progressed or sterile may not be terms describing pharmaceutical practices in the nineteenth century, current healing center practices and treatment techniques owe much to the legacy of Civil War medication. Of the estimated 620,000 warriors who passed on in the war, 66% of these passings were not the aftermath of the actual gunfire , but rather of a injuries that the gunshots inflicted which werent always lethal. Treating the armies of injured officers pushed Americans to reexamine their speculations on wellbeing and create effective practices to tend to those debilitated and injured. Toward the start of the Civil War, medical equipment and learning was barely up to par with the difficulties postured by the injuries, contaminations and ailments which tormented thousa nds of soldiers on both sides. Diseases like diarrhea, typhoid fever, pneumonia, mumps, measles and tuberculosis spread among the inadequately sterilized camps, were brought on effectively and were debilitated by the injuries and diets. Furthermore, armed forces at first attempted to productively tend to and transport their injured, accidentally giving up more lives to insignificant disruption. For therapeutic specialists in the field during the Civil War, sterile (clean) medicinal practices, proper equipment, and composed hospitalization frameworks were essentially obscure. Medical preparation was barely developing out of the chivalrous time, a period where doctors upheld phlebotomy, cleansing, rankling (or a mix of every one of the three) to rebalance the humors of the body and cure the debilitated. Doctors were additionally regularly urged to treat illnesses like syphilis with mercury, a harmful treatment, no doubt. These forceful cures of the chivalrous time were regularly more awful than patients illnesses themselves; the individuals who defeated disease after the war owed their recuperations to the creativity of contemporary pharmaceuticals than to coarseness and possibility. Fortune was an irregularity in camps where poor sanitation, awful cleanliness and eating regimen reared illness, disease, and passing. Where? The South was the side of the nation most influenced where vast majority of the Civil War battles were fought. The country was a fiasco after the war was thought to be over. It became known as the war where a nation turned on itself. Subjection, states rights, sparing issues and numerous different reasons prompted the grisly war. The North consisted of the countrys industrialized businesses, such as factories with production lines, shops, and so forth. While the opposing South consisted of a horticulture based economy. The South, comprised of many slaves, made greater parts of the agriculture in the entire nation. A large portion of the North was against slavery which was a primary reason the Civil War occurred. Every side needed to developed improvements in hopes of being triumphant, yet both sides additionally knew there would only be one winning side. Evidence shows that one of the reasons of war starting was the race of President Abraham Lincoln. Both the North and South realized that with this race the North would have an upper edge politically in winning this war. In spite the reality of what appeared to be a straightforward contradiction, the war was and will dependably be one of the bloodiest in the historical downfall of the United States yielding a mind-boggling number of around six hundred twenty thousand losses bringing our country to where it stands today (Civil War Medicine, n.d.). Many inquiries are left unanswered like, How might our U.S. look today if the South had won this war? or Would servitude and slavery still exist today? and various others which will remain dependably open without answers since there is nothing available to come to a conclusion. The concentration of this paper is to what extent did the Civil War deaths caused by surgeries and infections advance evolution in the medical field for future generations? It wasnt the bullets themselves In present day times its believed that the worst part of the war were the violent fights in which more lives were lost from injuries, contaminations, and numerous infections rather than the ammunition itself. Despite the fact that the aggregate number of passings from both sides joined was about six hundred and twenty thousand, shockingly more than four hundred thousand of them werent from the battles itself. However, infections and other health issues existed all throughout the Civil War. There are a wide range of factors for every one of the passings of the deceased soldiers that had nothing to do with the fights. As one probably are aware, the innovation that was accessible amid the season of the war was not as cutting edge as the world has today where one knows fundamentally every illness along with the cures. Amid the Civil War time there was no comprehension of contaminations and little done for the counteractive action of them. Before germicides and anti-toxins, a minor injury was commonly lethal (Civil War Medicine and the Battle of Cold Harbor, a.n.d.). As clarified in time recently, a larger number of passings were created by lethal illnesses than shots albeit a few discharges led to contaminations or maladies. Reasons for these deadly illnesses were poor cleanliness in camps of the regiments, absence of proper hospitals, absence of safe housing and legitimate attire, deficiency of sustenance and water, and swarmed camps. These made a lethal blend where infections could easily build up an illness. Regardless of the possibility that there was bare comprehension of these lethal illnesses, a group called the Sanitary Commission formed in order to instruct the Union armed force on legitimate sanitation systems with an end goal to attempt to keep these passings from occurring. A few men wouldnt fret the alerts of the Commission and proceeded with the typical methods of their days in the unsanitary camps. This gathering additionally endeavored to change the methodology for harmed men so they would be more sterile and progressed than what they were. One specialist soon started prompting men in the armed force to avoid greasy sustenances and eating at customary time of day. Men did not focus on the doctors notices and continued with their eating regimens and propensities which comprised of overwhelming, greasy, salty meats, very few vegetables, and unpredictable planning and extent of nourishments or dishes at a wide range of times of day. A dreadfully substantial measure of men originated from fights practically consistently or different occasions with wounds of various sorts. The surges of injured got to be distinctly overpowering, and specialists could just stand to spend a predetermined number of profitable minutes per trooper. The greater part of soldiers, if not all, that had genuine wounds in the middle would just pass on from it. Amid the season of the Civil War, the notorious strategy of surgery known as amputation was essentia lly the last resort. It was a quick however a not extremely powerful approach to take the circumstance. Commonly, this aggravated the injury even more than it was before and it turned out to be dangerous. Numerous men trusted it to be the least demanding approach to make the harm less troublesome despite the fact that it was the most anguishing. To decrease this horrendous agony, chloroform was utilized. This fluid was connected to a material and kept over the nose of the patient until he was oblivious to diminish the torment and injury of the removal. Now and again there wasnt sufficient for each injured man that required offer assistance. The clinics would run low on provisions since there was no chance to get of getting them rapidly. This would happen on the grounds that a considerable measure of chloroform was squandered until Dr. Julian John Chisolm created an inhaler. This worked with the utilization of tubes that trickled with chloroform which acted as successfully and just u tilized one eighth of what it did some time recently. Amputation procedures In 1863, Stonewall Jacksons specialist prescribed the evacuation of his left arm, which had been gravely harmed by well disposed fire. At the point when a chloroform-doused fabric was put over his nose, the Confederate general, in incredible agony, murmured, What an infinite blessing, before going limp. (Cellania, 2012) Because of the immense number of injured at once, specialists got to be distinctly used to the strategy and were more capable at removal. Many could conduct a surgery in around 10 minutes. This was an extraordinary preferred standpoint for both sides since most regiments could just hold maybe a couple therapeutic experts within locations. Since there were numerous removals, some days specialists finished with heaps of appendages and other body parts up to 5 feet high (Medicine in the Civil War, n.d.). In the operating tent, the amputation of a very bad looking leg was witnessed. The surgeons had been laboring since the battle to save the leg, but it was impossible. The patient, a delicate looking man, was put under the influence of chloroform, and the amputation was performed with great skill by a surgeon who appeared to be quite accustomed to the use of his instruments. After the arteries were tied, the amputator scraped the end and edge of the bone until they were quite smooth. While the scraping was going on, an attendant asked: How do you feel, Thompson? Awful! was the distinct and emphatic reply. This answer was returned, although the man was far more sensible of the effects of the chloroform than he was of the amputation. (Coco,1995) In spite of the fact that officers trusted that removal was for the better of their lives, it was extremely perilous. They were correct on the grounds that removal spared a larger number of lives than whatever other techniques by transforming confused wounds into littler and more straightforward ones. Absence of water implied there was no hand washing for specialists between methods expanding the likelihood of diseases. Disregarding these odds, a sum of an expected seventy five percent of amputees recovered. Considerably higher rank fighters needed to experience an indistinguishable agony and surgeries from lower class men did. There was no sort of individual treatment for officers, corporals or other higher positions. Removal caused various passings making contaminations or simply insufferable torment, yet it was not by any means the only motivation of ailment and demise of the men in both sides of the war (Civil War Medicine and the Battle of Cold Harbor, n.d.). Wounds and diseases werent the main ones bringing on the hopeless existences of the men in regiment camps. Nature participated in taking lives (Amputations in Military Surgery, a.n.d.). Amid practice penetrates and walks, men were presented to the brutal climate amid long frosty winters or searing summers. There was no reason to not be in condition for the fight to come. The biting icy of the long winters brought about many troopers to end up distinctly wiped out. The tents they remained in were situated outside and were thin expanding the possibility of disorder among the vast gatherings of individuals in regiments. In the Union Army, for each one man executed in battle, four hundred kicked the bucket of infection and illnesses. Numerous things made deadly illnesses from materials that did not appear to be fatal all alone like microbes, for instance. Microscopic organisms can bring about contamination, malady, and affliction, all with the utilization of germs. Numerous things amid t he season of war conveyed germs. Earth was a quite unsuspected transporter alongside mosquitoes in bogs. On the off chance that an injury is not treated accurately or left untreated by and large, microorganisms and germs may enter which can prompt to discharge. This is an exceptionally unpalatable looking substance that is made in an injury when white cells fight against the germs entering. Ordinarily this could be treated with typical germicide. Earth wasnt the main thing bearing germs and illness. Some living beings additionally contained indications of destructive infections. Flying creatures, domesticated animals, and even little bugs like mosquitoes had the likelihood of being sullied. These deadly mosquitoes conveyed intestinal sickness. Jungle fever wasnt the main dangerous malady transmitted through different creatures. Known illnesses amid the season of taking up arms were measles, mumps, pneumonia, utilization, intestinal sickness, typhoo, loose bowels, the runs, yellow fe ver, scurvy, and venereal infections (King, n.d.). Without the correct medicines or solution, none of these lethal illnesses could be cured and ordinarily, even with prescription, wiped out individuals couldnt be cured. These drugs utilized on occasion did not contain the perfect measure of something or a lot of something else and the specialist or specialist would not know or have the capacity to discover. Different circumstances it simply was not sufficiently solid to battle against the illnesses. Medication amid this event was totally unique in relation to how we see it today. Things were obscure that could have spared many lives amid that time. Reports from specialists, specialists, or whatever other sort of right hand in doctors facilities demonstrated numerous setbacks because of the reason for not knowing how to treat a patient the right way. Bourbon, barony, and strychnine, were utilized as stimulants for revues and circulatory framework. For nourishing backing, meat extrica te, espresso, consolidated drain, dark tea, ferrous, mixes, were utilized as cures for iron deficiency. Solutions appeared like ordinary officer counts calories various circumstances for various medications. On account of venereal infection, calomel was utilized for mouth as salve and connected to injuries or different alternatives would be infusions of silver nitrate, zinc, or chloride of potash, otherwise called potassium chloride. Patients with intestinal sickness were treated with quinine alone with spirits of nitre and potassium iodine. For skin issues a straightforward fragrance was utilized and bromine as an alleviating operator. Chloride was put in wounds for purging or stimulants. In spite of the fact that men would shout in torment, it showed advance in the disease rates now that they were bringing down. Kidney issues were a noteworthy occasion in the war with all the slug wounds in the middle region of men furthermore shots in the stomach. These were treated with spirits of alkali, and potassium. Regardless of the possibility that officers did not have a sickness, specialists and specialists did what they could to avert them (King, n.d.). Unsanitary Sanitation At the point when an officer was gotten the camp with ordinary injuries, they were fixed with mortars with different specialists like mustard or belladonna which was then spread on material or consistent paper to be connected to the skin close by the injury. This came to show that it was so compelling to seal the injuries as opposed to leave the wounds open with the high danger of contaminations prompting to illnesses much nearly took after by death. This could happen quickly with the condition or the unpleasant camps where there was not one thing hinting at a rational soundness. Swarms of flies could be seen bugging in each settlement and doctors facility. The flies were thought to be lethal or simply unsanitary, however it was demonstrated off-base. Flies would store their eggs in open injuries of the officers or different patients. Before long the eggs developed and larvae were conceived. These hatchlings did not bring about torment but rather did in actuality clean injuries of th e troopers by eating dead or contaminated skin. The specialists soon began imagining that these hatchlings could have great advantages in averting contaminations of wounds. Rats additionally worked similarly hatchlings did by consuming the dead tissue left. Before long, many medical attendants and other individuals got to be distinctly sickened in this strategy utilized despite the fact that it was viable as a part of most cases (Bollet, 2002). Who was in charge? Surgeons, doctors, nurses, and even assistants played great roles in the Civil War. These were the people who made these procedures possible. Many lives were spared with their insight, strategies, and disclosures. Individuals in the present say that this was a time where numerous medicines and solutions were found that can and are utilized even today. Warriors were enlivened by these lifelines, as they were known for what they did. Some even accepted the open door when they could and got to be specialists or specialists themselves. Union colonel, Thomas Reynolds, was harmed in fight, which lead to having to go through amputation.. Reynolds survived removal and later turned into an educator of surgery and afterward remarked on the act of pointing the finger at specialists for performing numerous superfluous removals which individuals accepted brought on more loss of lives than there ought to have been while others concur it was ideal to endeavor of sparing lives (Bollet, 2001). Specia lists who concurred said that they spared lives and inability to perform important removal made potential outcomes of deadly disease. There was truly no other decision for the men in both sides of the armed force or the specialists themselves since removal was the main surgery accessible. In the North, over a sum of thirty thousand removals were finished with an expected same sum for the Confederates situated in the South. Real surgery was uncommon in light of the fact that disease was all the time a case trailing it. Accordingly, somewhere around 1836 and 1846, a sum of thirty nine surgical strategies were performed at the Massachusetts General Hospital. In the initial 10 years after the introduction of anesthesia, 1847 through 1857, the yearly normal was around one hundred and eighty five, of which 60% were removals. Indeed, even with innovation and medication advancing, surgery was still occasionally utilized or performed. Regardless of the possibility that surgery was important, never was the belly or mid-section of a man opened amid the system. Many of the surgeons in the Civil War had never witnessed a major amputation when they joined the regiments and very few of them had treated gunshot wounds. (Bollet, 2006) Statistics A normal of two thousand four hundred twenty seven methods was done every year at the doctors facility somewhere around 1894 and 1904, yet by 1914 this expanded to more than four thousand. Numerous Civil War specialists that partook in therapeutic techniques on men in the armed forces lived to see improvements and progressions long after the war. These individuals saw and saw the absence of arrangement for treating vast quantities of injured men that they got after fights. Numerous more lives could have been spared considering the way that there were more progressions in restorative methods before long. Around a quarter century of patients were lost altogether from not having the capacity to recuperate after their surgery. In spite of the absence of arrangement for therapeutic strategies amid the war, Union specialists treated more than four hundred thousand injured men of whom an expected two hundred forty five thousand of them were injured from firearm shots or other cannons wounds. Specialists depicted the scenes of them men pouring in as awful where bones were standing out, tissue was gone, or possibly the damage was inner and everything looked typical on the outside of the fighter. Operations were performed in no less than four hundred thousand of all harmed cases. As the war seethed on, more specialists started joining both sides of the armed forces in fight for employments. Toward the begin of the Civil War, the Union Army comprised of one hundred thirteen specialists of which twenty four were rejected and joined the Confederate Army. Throughout the war, formal and casual surgical preparing projects were created for new specialists joining either side. These specialists quickly created abilities and information that enhanced techniques. Before the end of the war, more than twelve thousand specialists had served the Union and around three thousand in the Confederacy. Considering the 66% of the entire passing number of infection or disorder, genuinely a huge sum still passed on from the fight shots discharged from both sides. An assortment of weapons were utilized amid the war, which additionally incorporated an assortment of ammo for every weapon filling various needs. A well known ammo sort was the minie all which was a round discharged from rifles and were generally moderate moving. Indeed, even little shots like that could deliver destructive harm. At the point when the body was struck at the bone the speed of the shot did not permit a perfect leave leaving expansive injuries ordinarily. Comminuted breaks were a dangerous kind of harm. This sort of damage happens when the bone is either, broken, fragmented or smashed into many pieces. Ordinarily this would happen when a shot was discharged and infiltrated joints, for example, the knee, elbow, bear, wrist, lower leg, and hip. Be that as it may, shots were likewise discharged and hit in the face zone leaving a change forever. Facial recreation additionally started amid the Civil War. It started when a private was surviving pneumonia however it decimated his face and specialists took a stab at making it look ordinary utilizing plastic surgery. The methodology helped however it didnt look 100% the same, nor was it conceivable to do as such. Today These procedures exist with much greater value and purpose to this day as there exists professions focusing on these specific jobs to be able to focus on the enhancement of the methods of practice to provide the most efficient management of work for the those in need of help. This new procedures have provided faster healing rates, greater chances of survival, decreased blood loss, and most importantly, increased life expectancy. A sum of more than 66% of the passing tally were from malady and infection which is interesting knowing the Civil War was one of the bloodiest wars in U.S. history. The lives of many overcome officers that left homes, families, dreams, and numerous more things, were relinquished keeping in mind the end goal was the attempt of setting the nation straight. These men battled with respect with the idea in their mind that they were doing it for the country, their country. They battled dauntlessly. Tragically, most of the men experienced a long and agonizing injury prompting to a demise they didnt merit. The war finished in 1865 and subjection was at long last nullified however the cost was high. Abraham Lincoln was killed days after by a man by the name of Booth, who was irritated. The Civil War was the most expensive war in American History, and it has remained an important piece of our history, with the goal that we may recollect dependably that fighting within itself, a country is set to fail. Going from wounds and ailment was an additional weight of the war that brought about noteworthy harm on the hearts, brains, and gatherings of all Americans, yet it in like manner quickened the development of arrangement and affected practices the equipped drive and surgeons still use today. While the Union emphatically had the upside of better remedial supplies and work, both sides attempted to fight disorder and improve helpful tend to their officers in the midst of the war. Tremendous quantities of Americas available day restorative accomplishments have their hidden establishments in the legacy of Americas describing war. Work Cited Amputations in Military Surgery Civil War Medical Books. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Dec. 2012. http://www.civilwarmedicalbooks.com/civil_war_amputation.html Bollet, Alfred JAY. Civil War Medicine Alfred J. Bollet, M.D. Civil War Medicine Alfred J. Bollet, M.D. Galen Press, 2001. Web. 16 Dec. 2012. Bollet, Alfred J. Medical Book Extras Maggots and Rats: Natures Surgeons During the Civil War. Galen Press, 2002. Web. 16 Dec. 2012. www.galenpress.com/extras/extras.31.htm Bollet, Alfred J. The Truth About Civil War Surgery. History Net Where History Comes Alive World US History Online The Truth About Civil War Surgery Comments. Weider History Group, 12 June 2006. Web. 2 Dec. 2012. . Cellania, Miss. Neatorama. Neatorama. N.p., 20 Jan. 2012. Web. 14 Dec. 2012. Civil War Medicine and the Battle of Cold Harbor. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. http://collectmedicalantiques.com/gallery/civil-war-medicine-and-the-battle-of-cold- harbor>. Civil War Medicine. Civil War Medicine. N.p., 2003-2008. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. . Coco, Gregory A. A Strange and Blighted Land: Gettysburg : The Aftermath of a Battle. Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications, 1995. Print. King, Janet. Vermont Civil War. Vermont Civil War. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. . Medicine in the Civil War. American Civil War Medical and Surgical History. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Dec. 2012. .

Gap’s History and Mission Statement and Vision Essay

Doris and Don Fisher opened the first Gap store in 1969. Today, Gap Inc. is a leading international specialty retailer with six brands – Gap, Banana Republic, Old Navy, Piperlime, Athleta and INTERMIX – about 3300 stores and 134,000 employees. The products include apparel, accessories, and personal care products for men, women, children, and babies. The Company operates in two segments: Stores, which includes the operations of the retail stores for Gap, Old Navy, and Banana Republic, and Direct, which includes the operations for its online brands, both domestic and international. Company-operated stores: About 3,000 stores across the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, China, France, Ireland, Japan and Italy *Fun fact! The first Gap store outside the United States opened in the UK in 1987 Franchise stores:Over 250 stores in locations across Asia, Australia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, the Middle East and Africa. At its founding in 1969, and remains deep in Gap’s DNA today are: customer focus, community involvement and integrity. Since today, there are more than 134,000 people around the world – and company culture encourages each one to â€Å"Wear your passion.† Mission Statementâ€Å"Gap, Inc. is a brand-builder. We create emotional connections with customers around the world through inspiring product design, unique store experiences, and compelling marketing.†In addition to its mission statement, The Gap also has a purpose statement, which is designed to guide the daily actions of its employees. â€Å"Our purpose? Simply, to make it easier for you to express your personal style throughout your life. We have more than 150,000 passionate, talented people around the world who help bring this purpose to life for our customers.† Vision : Think: customers first – we consider the needs and value the diversity of thought, experience and perspectives among our customers. Inspire: creativity – we open ourselves to new ideas, tapping into our diversity of perspectives. Do: what’s right – we treat every customer, supplier and employee with respect. Deliver: results – we strive to create an inclusive environment where employees thrive and generate top performance.

Book of Negroes

â€Å"The Book of Negroes is a master piece, daring and impressive in its geographic, historical and human reach, convincing in its narrative art and detail, necessary for imagining the real beyond the traces left by history. † I completely agree with The Globe and Mail’s interpretation of this story. One could almost see the desolate conditions of the slave boats and feel the pain of every person brought into slavery. Lawrence Hill created a compelling story that depicts the hard ships, emotional turmoil and bravery when he wrote The Book of Negroes.In the exposition of The Book of Negroes one does not realize the amount of emotional turmoil the African people are about to face. At first glance the village of Bayo seems to be a felicitous place to live. People were working, children playing; life was normal to them. Aminata, the main character in this story, describes hers and others pain intentensively, â€Å"I lived in terror that the captors would beat us, boil us and eat us, but they began with humiliation: they tore our clothes off our backs. † (pg. 9) Not once did the captors show any regard for these people, â€Å"As I began my long march from home, I discovered that there were people in the world who didn’t know me, didn’t love me and didn’t care whether I lived or died. † (pg. 29) They were treated no differently that rapid animals. Children were forced to grow up faster than they should have. They were forced to do a man’s work load, and think quickly to avoid being beaten. There is a sincere feeling of pathos for every last person who lost everything and were treated so poorly. People were separated from family and sometimes friends.Aminata first had her son taken away and sold by one of her masters, â€Å"My heart and body were screaming for Mamadu. But my baby was gone. Sold, sold, sold. Appleby would not say where. † (pg. 184) Years later she suffered the loss of her daughter, who was stolen by the family whom she was working for. Even when they felt they were a little closer to freedom, they were once again knocked down. When Aminata was no longer an owned slave she sailed into Shelbourne, where she and many others were still treated with contempt, â€Å"Inside the Merchant’s Coffee House, I asked for information about lodging and work.A big man took me by the arm and pulled me to the door. â€Å"We don’t serve niggers. † He said. † They were all stripped of their dignity, hope and faith. The Book of Negroes portrays a very vivid sense of realism throughout the entire story. As one follows Aminata through the excruciatingly painful journey she calls life, her pain, suffering and fears can be felt and seen by the reader. The hardships felt by the African people are heart wrenching. They lost everything that was ever home to them and taken to a world that treated them unfairly.These poor people suffered at the hands of the toubab, â₠¬Å"white man. † Aminata herself watched her mother die in front of her, â€Å"But another man intercepted her, raised high a big, thick club and brought it swinging down against the back of her head. Mama dropped. I saw her blood in the moonlight, angry and dark spilling fast. † (pg. 26) Losing family was not the only devastating occurrences they endured. They were shackled together, stripped of their clothing, rarely fed and at times they were caged like wild animals and branded.Many did not make the trip to Sullivans Island. There was so much death due to the poor conditions they were forced to live in. Once they were bought by the slave owners the treatment of them became much worse. They did get clothing, a place to live and food in their stomachs but the beatings were more frequent. The female slaves, children to adult, were raped, told they were completely owned by their masters, and made to do unthinkable things, â€Å"He owned my labor, but now he was bursting to own all of me. † (pg. 61) The poor slaves could not have anything nice and if they did it must be hidden, as punishment their possessions would be taken from them, â€Å"Your clothes,† he said to me when I hesitated, he tore them off and threw them down into the pile that Georgia had brought. â€Å"We have a law in the Province of South Carolina, â€Å" he said â€Å"Niggers don’t dress grand. † (pg. 176) Every one of the slaves in the 1700’s suffered so much and lost everything they once were. The amount of bravery it would have taken to survive as an African slave is unimaginable.They had to do whatever they could to stay alive. They had to hide their fear so they would not appear weak. Aminata made herself useful to everyone, from her fellow people to the white man. She put herself on the line, acting as a translator between her people and their captors, â€Å"She speaks his language, and she speaks Maninke. † She instructed many Afri cans and saved them from beatings and humiliation. Being only 11 years old, Aminata was valuable to her master and her people. She learnt as much as she could, she always kept her eyes and ears open and her mouth shut.The African people did not dare question the toubab or bukra. The entire book is full of man vs. man conflict, the Africans constantly fighting for their freedom and the right to be treated like people by the white man. Aminata’s persistence to learn and her hard work pay off for her. She is recognized as a useful person in society and finally treated not equal, but much better than her previous master had, â€Å"You don’t have to be afraid to speak properly Meena,† he said â€Å"I already know that you can read and speak well. † (pg. 88) In the denouement, Aminata earns her right as a respected African woman. She supports herself by teaching other African people how to read and catching babies. Word of her bravery travels, a lieutenant recr uits her to help in compiling a list of all African people wanting to go to Sierra Leone, a safe haven for freed slaves. She is also asked to tell the story of her life, which would take a lot of courage to relive all the pain and suffering, to end slavery, â€Å"The abolitionists say they have brought me to England to help them change the course of history. (pg. 2) after her constant battle throughout life Aminata gets the best reward she could ask for, her daughter sought her out and found her, â€Å"The rain did not bother me. What were a few hours of standing in line? Mama, I have been waiting for years. † (pg. 465) The Book of Negroes captures the emotional turmoil, hard ships, and bravery through perfect imagery. The emotional turmoil suffered by the African people is horrendous, they lost everything; their family, friends and homes. They were treated so poorly.The hard ships they had to suffer through would make ones skin crawl and stomachs turn. They lived in dreadfu l conditions, with the dying and dead, in rooms full of human waste. They were beaten and worked harder than any human should be. The African people had to be brave if they wanted to survive. They could not show any sign of weakness in fear of what would happen to them, their family or friends. They had to use any means they could to survive such a terrifying time. The Fight for Freedom; the Fight for Rights Mindy Godlien Mrs. McKay ELA30 November 5th, 2012

Comparison between The Chrysalids and Brave New World Essays

Comparison between The Chrysalids and Brave New World Essays Comparison between The Chrysalids and Brave New World Paper Comparison between The Chrysalids and Brave New World Paper Essay Topic: Brave New World Stage 1 English Studies Extended Study Connected Texts In this essay I will compare two novels which deal with similar themes but in significantly different ways: The Chrysalids, a science fiction novel by John Wyndham published in 1955 and Brave New World, a novel by Aldous Huxley published in 1932. The story in The Chrysalids takes place thousands of years in the future in a rural society similar to our world before the invention of modern technology such as telephones, cars, etc. The people in the novel have vague memories of the Old People, a civilization which existed long ago and seems to be similar to our current echnologically advanced world. The people in The Chrysalids practice a strict Christian religion with many constraints on what is considered acceptable behaviour. They believe that their ancestors civilization was destroyed by God as a punishment, and they must strictly apply Gods laws in order to avoid a similar punishment. The exact nature of Gods punishment is not explained, but there are indications that it was some kind of nuclear war. There are stories told by sailors of blackened, glassy wastes and the remains of faintly glowing cities. The people in the Chrysalids elieve that deviations from what is considered normal (i. e. in plants, animals or humans) are the work of the Devil and must be destroyed. This means that human beings who are in any way different to the norm are either killed or sterilised and exiled to the Fringes a wild area full of animal and plant mutations. The people in this society have little freedom, but there are cases where parents hide abnormalities in their children to protect them, thus reflecting what we would consider normal human feelings. The main character in the storey is David Strorm, a 10 year old boy whose father is a fanatical religious patriarch. David has frequent and vivid dreams of cities and horseless carts which are completely different to his experiences in his world. It soon becomes clear that David (and a few other children) have telepathic powers. They try to conceal their abilities because they know that such unusual abilities would be punished by their community, but eventually some of them are discovered. Like the Chrysalids, Brave New World is a science fiction novel set in the future (AD 2540 or 632 After Ford) and also provides a frightening vision of the future. However, unlike the Chrysalids, the world depicted in Brave New World is echnologically advanced. The knowledge of reproductive technology, sleep-learning and psychological manipulation in the society portrayed by the novel greatly exceed current technology and scientific knowledge. Although the novel is set in the future it deals with issues which were relevant in the early 20th century and many of the novels characters are named after famous people (For example, the god in Brave New World is called Ford, and is easily recognized as being named after Henry Ford the inventor of the assembly line). These two novels are quite different, but they ddress similar themes i. e. lack ot personal treedoms that in our world we take tor granted, authoritarian societies and frightening philosophies with the potential to dehumanize us. The society in the Chrysalids is frightening: punishments are violent and brutal and people who are different live in fear of being discovered. In contrast to this, the society in Brae New World appears relatively benign: the people are happy, and there is no need to control the population through violent means. However, in both books the central theme is a lack of freedom. In the Chrysalids (like the novel 1984 y George Orwell) the authorities enforce compliance with the rules of their society through repressive and sometimes violent means. However, in Brave New World the authorities have no need to enforce the rules (violently or otherwise) because in their society no-one questions the rules. The methods used in the Chrysalids to enforce compliance with the restrictive norms of society are familiar as there have been many repressive governments that have used these methods throughout human history. However, in Brave New World the society presented is more frightening in many ways because people are designed to be passive, content, and nquestioning. In the Chrysalids, people retain internal freedom (to think independently, question the norms of society and dream of a different reality if they are so inclined), but their behaviour is controlled by external forces (i. e. the power of the authorities). In contrast to this, in Brave New World, the people had been deprived of the internal freedom to question whether their society is the best possible. In The Chrysalids people are controlled by fear and violence which inflicts pain. In Brave New World people are controlled by an absence of pain or struggle, nd an excess of pleasure and distractions. The primary themes in the Chrysalids are conflict and struggle, while in Brave New World; the main themes are conformity and complacency (with the exception of a few characters whose life experiences, or some mistake in their creation, makes them different). However, both novels warn us of the dangers of society attempting to restrict human ideas and freedom, and seeking to create a perfect society. The nature of human beings is to change and evolve. This is what gives humanity its creativity and endless capacity to rethink old problems and find new solutions.

Free Essays on Psychological Effects Of Marijuana

, people take them to get away from their everyday life, both mentally and physically. Drugs are sometimes used as an aid in religious pr... Free Essays on Psychological Effects Of Marijuana Free Essays on Psychological Effects Of Marijuana Marijuana, in today’s time, is the second most widely recognized mind-altering drug, next to alcohol. Marijuana has very many street names, and it can be smoked or eaten. Addiction to marijuana has not ever been proven, although consistent long term use of it can lead to major psychological dependence. Marijuana, as with any drug, can cause serious problems with the user’s ability to function in everyday life. A drug can be defined as any substance in small amounts that can produce significant changes in the body and mind. Most people don’t realize that this term can mean anything from the caffeine in almost every soft drink made and the nicotine found in cigarettes, to really hard-core drugs such as cocaine, heroin, LSD, and marijuana. What about sugar, or chocolate, or even salt? Most people would say these are just foods or flavors, but every one of them alters the body or mind in some fashion, and whether people know it or not, are addicting. Marijuana is a green-brown, or gray mixture of the dried, shredded leaves, and the stems, seeds, and flowers of the Indian hemp plant cannabis sativa. Marijuana can be smoked in a bong or pipe, or rolled up in ‘rolling papers’, commonly known as a joint. It can also be eaten in such foods as brownies, and in practically anything else edible. Marijuana has over 200 slang or street names. Just a few of those are: pot, grass, reefer, weed, mary-jane, herb, boom, gangster or gangsta, and chronic. Marijuana has been known to be around as early as 3000 BC, located mostly in Central Asia and China. It wasn’t until about the 60’s and 70’s, however, that marijuana gained widespread use in the United States. Most people nowadays take and eventually abuse drugs simply because they want to vary their conscious experiences. In other words, people take them to get away from their everyday life, both mentally and physically. Drugs are sometimes used as an aid in religious pr...

Criminal justice admin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal justice admin - Essay Example s been effective in reducing fatalities being caused by drinking yet lot more efforts are required to further reduce the fatalities and harms associated with the drinking. too get themselves involve in anti –social activities to overcome their needs of drinking. Underage drinkers can get into brawls and often find themselves in troubled waters with others and even with police officers or others who try to intervene. There are many reasons for this, which are related to their change in behavior patterns. Underage drinkers often show recklessness and overconfidence in their action and behavior with others. Intoxicated youngsters are not aware of what is happening around them and often find themselves incapable to resolve their own problems and often react violently and resort to all criminal activities. Surveys conducted at high schools and college students revealed the fact that more than 30 per cent students are heavy drunkards. Drinking is â€Å"A passage for some young souls into a lifetime of broken promises, broken families, and broken lives.† (Hazelden 2004) For the younger crowd, Street Racing is a way to show their superiority among their peers and classmates and has become a sign of masculine power. They often perform it in front of huge crowd, but away from the vigilance of police. Besides inflicting injury on themselves, with undue indulgences in street racing, they involve themselves in other antisocial activities like auto theft, physical attacks in case of failure to pay the racing bets, cruising, curfew violations and drunken driving. (Peak & Glenser 2008) Looking at the gravity of the problems and sensitivity of the issues concerned, the best policy measure is Communicative Policing. But before going on to take necessary actions in resolving the problems, analyzing the depth of problems is very important. Both the underage drinking and street racing is the gravest social issue and there are several other social problems associated with it. First

Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Skills - Essay Example It is preferable for the care giver to have the woman’s prenatal record when speaking to the woman during the admission process. This stage involves checking whether the labor experienced by the woman is false or true. If the labor is true the woman has to be admitted. Various factors are assessed in order to identify true labor (London & Old, 2008). They include intervals and intensity of the labor contractions, the dilation of cervix and the fetus conditions. The other assessment at this stage includes conducting a diagnosis test to find more information about the woman’s health status. Apart from assessing the labor status and the health conditions of the women, other factors such as psychosocial and cultural factors are also assesses at this stage. If the labor is true and the woman’s health condition is not good, it may result into maternal death, the woman will not give birth normally. Other strategies such as caesarean will be used (London & Old, 2008). During the second stage, care givers assess things such as the fetal status which include its position and heart rate. This stage also involves assessment of cervical dilation. Stage two usually starts when the cervix has dilated to 10 centimeters. The contraction of the uterine wall will also be assessed. A normal contraction at this stage should last for about 45 to 90 seconds. The position and the visibility of the baby will also be assessed at this stage. The behaviors of the woman are also assessed at this stage. For instance behaviors such as the urge to push are usually assessed (London & Old, 2008). I realized that nurses play a vital role during the labor stages. They give both physical and emotional support to the woman and her family in the entire process (London & Old, 2008). For instance, during the admission stage they usually help in assessing the risk factors and the

EXtensible Business Reporting Language Research Paper

EXtensible Business Reporting Language - Research Paper Example Currently, the SEC requires that all companies should utilize the XBRL format in presenting their financial statements and reports. Owing to the constant push for the use of the new business and finance communication mode, this paper explores potential advantages and disadvantages of XBRL implementation for business entities. Advantages of XBRL The proponents of XBRL have hinted that entrepreneurs and business entities stand to benefit greatly from XBRL implementation. Some of these befits include: i. It Is Accepted Globally As a Business Information Sharing Tool XBRL is readily accessible in many parts of the world and enhances information dissemination and sharing in various languages through electronic means. XBRL makes it possible for investors to conduct nearly real-time assessments because increases information accessibility. Data tagged in XBRL can be transformed into various formats such as HTML or spreadsheets, depending on the needs of the users. Owing to its global presenc e and high level of accessibility and acceptability, it reduces the cost of mechanizing business information (Gelinas, Dull & Wheeler, 2012). ii. XBRL Benefits Many Stakeholders XBRL can be utilized by investors to perform analysis of financial reports by corporation, thus making it a desirable tool. It allows corporations to automate their information and reduce manual processes of financial reporting. For the government, XBRL facilitate the collection of information about various businesses in the country. XBRL also ensures high level of information sharing efficiency (Stabryla, 2012). iii. XBRL Can Be Multi-Purpose XBRL functions beyond financial reporting role. It is applicable in many business information sharing scenarios. It is capable of streamlining the process of preparing and reporting tax returns. It also facilitates distribution of non-financial information such as production quantities as well as stock reserves among others. XBRL can also be fundamental for ensuring in ternal organizational efficiencies by facilitating smooth flow of information electronically from source to where they are needed most. It also facilitates data sharing between organizations and their customers, suppliers and strategic partners among others (Garner, McKee & McKee, 2008). XBRL can facilitate mechanization of purchase process and invoice reception and many other processes. iv. It Facilitates Substantiation and Reusability XBRL can speed up the process of financial reporting and information sharing process of an organization. It can greatly enhance spreadsheet functionalities through facilitation of electronic information access, which helps to alleviate human input inaccuracy during entry. Information conveyed through XBRL remains for a long period of time and can be re-used over and over again if needed (Bergeron, 2004). v. It Is an Open Source The last benefit of XBRL is that it is an open source. Corporations can create taxonomies that can be used at no cost for th eir users. Because it is freely accessible, corporations can maximize from it while at the same time ensuring low cost of its implementation (Bergeron, 2004). Disadvantages of XBRL In spite of all the benefits that come with XBRL, there are some disadvantages that are associated with the tool. Some of these disadvantages include: i. XBRL Amplifies the Likelihood of Error One of the most pointed out shortcomings of XBRL is its

Book Cover Analysis on the Pinocchio Effect Essay Example for Free

Book Cover Analysis on the Pinocchio Effect Essay Upon going through the vast artwork, one particular piece grabbed my attention. It was of a line up composed of men in boxer shorts in different colors. The overall look of the work gave it almost a vintage feeling because of the way the figures were drawn. It gave a sort of â€Å"pin-up† feel. Although composed of men, you can not help but be transported through time just by the visual aspect. The book was entitled â€Å"The Pinocchio Effect: On Making Italians, 1860-1920†. It dawned on me that these were Italians lined up, in a way that is reminiscent of a group of new recruits waiting to get their gears for war. As I further observed, these figures were progressing, starting from left to right. And taking this into consideration, I realized that this was a crude depiction of the evolution of an Italian man. The use of this illustration was very effective in stirring up intrigue in the work and as well as reinforcing what the book was about. Further research on the contents of the book revealed that this was indeed a book about the progression of the Italians after different Italian states began uniting into one nation (Stewart, 2007). This artwork was done by Isaac Tobin, an artist particularly renowned for his works on graphic design. The original look of the figures depicted in the work was compromised by the addition of color on the trunks. This added a comical feel to the overall mood of the figures, but is nonetheless effective in drawing out attention and to provide a contemporary feeling for the art. Overall, this artwork leaves a lasting impression and certainly a valuable addition to the cause of the book. It took the theme of the book and properly wielded the appropriate sources to tell its story at a moments glance.

Confederacy of Dunces Essays: Last Encounter :: A Confederacy of Dunces

A Confederacy of Dunces - Last Encounter In his last encounter in the novel, Ignatius returns to the ill-reputed Night of Joy. He is still employed by Paradise Vendors and wears the ridiculous costume of a pirate that is mistaken for a Mardi Gras costume. Ignatius attends Dorian Greene's strange party and the distance between the "bodily" dunce and "intellectual" genius is extended. He tries to speak at the party but no one will listen and he cannot handle being rejected for his ideas so he leaves. Throughout the rest of the novel, Ignatius exhibits characteristics of a dunce according to the rest of the characters. At the point when Ignatius disrupts Darlene's Harlett O' Hara act, he follows a series of unfortunate events. The bird attacks him for his novelty earring and Ignatius runs around like a "big crazyman"(285). He bounces out of the bar and runs out into the street, only to come face to face with the headlights of the Desire bus. As Ignatius faints from shock, he shows the reader how awkward and clumsy he is. He ha s the chance to avoid everything that happens but his dunce tendencies take control. He is ridiculed by everyone at the scene for his possession of Lana Lee's naked pictures and ends up being the comedian and clown for the hour. Ignatius looks like a "dead cow lying in the street" according to the newspaper photograph and the reader sees the reactions to the incident from every character(289). Mr. Clyde sees Ignatius as "a big ape" and only wishes that he can retrieve his costume from him(293). Dr. Talc needs to find Ignatius to clear his name but decides against it when he sees the paper. He realizes that Ignatius is the dunce but that he also has a way of turning things around which may be detrimental to Dr. Talc. Miss Annie reads the paper and vows to run Ignatius and Irene out of the neighborhood. She is only worried about the reputation of the neighborhood. Patrolman Mancuso is grateful for his luck in stopping the chain of pornography sales along with the incarceration of the three brute women who had attacked him once before. Santa Battaglia talks to the picture of her mother and comments on how awful Irene must be feeling and has no remorse for Ignatius. Claude is only worried that he will not be able to handle such a disgrace as a stepson.

Political Philosophy and Brief Critical Evaluation

Sample essay questions? 1. Describe Plato's scheme for communism in the Republic. (Discuss each of the main features of this life-style. ) Which classes, according to Plato, should practice this way of living? What justification does Plato offer for advocating communism? Offer a brief critical evaluation of Plato's communism. PHL 107 | study guide for exam 2 | page 4 2. (1) Briefly describe Plato's allegory of the cave. 2) Then state how the allegory expresses Plato's position on (a) the place of the Philosopher-Kings in Plato's utopia, (b) Plato's distinction between opinion and genuine knowledge (wisdom), and (c) Plato's position on the motives of the Philosopher-Kings for ruling. 3. (1) What is Plato's dualistic metaphysics? (2) How is this metaphysics expressed in the allegory of the cave? (3) How is it related to his position on the nature of the human person? 4. (1) What is Plato's assessment of democracy, and (2) how is this linked to his theory of justice? 3) How might a cont emporary defender of democracy respond to Plato? 5. What is the mimetic theory of art? Did Plato invent this theory? Did he accept it? How is this theory related to Plato’s criticisms of the arts? 6. (1) What two reasons does Plato give for proposing to banish the arts from his Republic? (2) How is his position on the arts related (a) to his Theory of Ideas and (b) his position on the highest goal of human living? (3) Offer a brief critical evaluation of Plato's position on the arts. . (1) What does Rawls mean by â€Å"the original position . . . under the veil of ignorance† and how does this serve as the basis for his theory of justice? (2) What are his two principles of justice? Explain the two principles.? (3) Offer a brief critical evaluation of his theory of justice. 8. (1) Starting with Rawls’ â€Å"original position . . . under the veil of ignorance,† do you think you would arrive at a principle or principles of justice similar to those of Rawls, o r if different ones, which?Defend your position. (2) As part of your answer give a clear statement of what Rawls means by the â€Å"original position . . . under the veil of ignorance. † 9. (1) What is Aquinas’s causal argument for the existence of God (the 2nd of his five arguments)? Sketch the argument. (2) Critically evaluate the argument. What appears to be the weakest part of the argument? Do you think the argument can be defended in the face of this proposed weakness? Explain. 10. (1) What is the design argument for the existence of God?You may present either Aquinas's (his 5th) or William Paley's or the fine-tuning version of the argument (but only one). (2) Why does Darwin's theory of evolution appear to undermine Aquinas and Paley’s version of the design argument? Why does Darwin’s theory not affect the fine-tuning argument? (3) Do you think that there is some way of salvaging the design argument in the face of Darwin's theory? Defend your positi on. 11. Describe Hobbes’ â€Å"state of nature. † What kind of a concept is this — historical, empirical, anthropological, analytic? Explain.Offer your own critical evaluation of Hobbes’ notion of the state of nature? Do you think it is a useful concept? Is it true? Defend your position. 12. Hobbes argues that each person has the resources within themselves to overcome the state of nature.? (1) What are these resources and how do they help the person to overcome the state of nature? (2) But why, for Hobbes, are these internal resources insufficient? Why is a very strong sovereign also needed to overcome the state of nature? (3) What role does contract or covenant play in overcoming the state of nature?

Planning for Hypertexts in the Writing Center…Or No Essay

Michael Pemberton asserts in his article â€Å"Planning for Hypertexts in the Writing Center†¦Or Not†, that this new age of technology brings with it a dilemma facing writing centers that stems from the perceived need for writing centers to assimilate hypertexts into their topics mentored, the willingness of the writing centers to accommodate hypertexts and if there is a need, how would writing centers meet such needs. There is no dilemma here because writing centers need not treat hypertexts any differently than any other text (Pemberton). They already have tutors working in specific areas of expertise. Tutors with expertise in hypertext can be found. Pemberton also brings up the rationale that a relatively small number of clients will be writing hypertexts anyway so centers don’t need to worry about it. Pemberton doesn’t discount the challenges faced by writing centers in assimilating into the technological age. As writing centers had always been primarily interpersonal interaction, many feel that the advancing technology is a threat to this interaction (Pemberton). The advent of chat rooms and email tutoring has lessened this perceived threat. He notes that finding articulate tutors may be very difficult, especially for small schools without many resources (Pemberton). Another challenge lies in providing training for tutors. But the challenges do not appear to outweigh the advantages. Times change; language changes; writing changes. That is a constant we can rely on. Writing centers have adapted and will continue to adapt to the changes coming their way. Critique/Comments Michael Pemberton in his article â€Å"Planning for Hypertexts in the Writing Center†¦Or Not† provides a comprehensive history of the goals and functions of writing centers from the 1930s-1990s. He presents a possible problem facing writing centers and possible solutions to the problem, without bias or emphasis on one or the other. His straightforward writing allows the reader to come to a conclusion about the future of writing centers and the necessity of assimilating hypertext into tutoring topics. Pemberton provides much commentary from experts in the field of writing centers and tutoring so his own take does not sway the reader. As change occurred throughout the history involving writing centers, the writing centers and their tutors adapted to the needs of their clients. Pemberton assures that no matter what those needs become, writing centers will naturally meet those needs. While some worry that the computer age will depersonalize the interaction between tutor and tutee, it is clear that the communication tools available via the Internet have not hindered interpersonal relationships in or out of writing centers. Pemberton, a director of the Georgia Southern University Writing Center does not appear to have any motive in his article save to inform readers that â€Å"writing centers will hold† ( ) as the title of one of his books says. Perhaps he merely wants to put to rest any fear felt by the technologically hesitant. Technological advancement is here to stay but rest assured by Michael Pemberton that the writing centers will advance right along with it. Pemberton, Michael A. â€Å"Planning for Hypertexts in the Writing Center†¦ Or Not† In The St. Martin’s Sourcebook for Writing Tutors. 3rd Ed. Christina Murphy and Steve Sherwood. Boston. New York: Bedford/ St. Martin’s, 2008:294-308.