How Has Globalization Shaped Your Community Essay

The term â€Å"globalization† is a complex concept to define in a single, precise statement as one might find in a dictionary. Although the phenomenon has many facets, it is generally described as the trend whereby countries, on a global scale join socially, politically and economically. This process is facilitated in many ways, like through public and private sector decisions, education and by the ever increasing rate of information transfer via the Internet and social media, which has been a major catalyst in contemporary politics. An example of this would be the ways in which the social media has facilitated the Arab Spring revolutions, as individuals see themselves increasingly as part of the larger picture; as citizens in the global scheme. Globalization is said to bring people of all nations closer together, especially through a common medium like the Internet, and through the common mechanism of economics. Growing up in one of Brooklyn’s most iconic religious communities, I have experienced the many changes to its population and commercialism as it has â€Å"evolved† due to globalization. I have seen the resistance to this change as well, which may be typical of areas where the majority are conservative, religious men and women. However, as all communities eventually yield somewhat to the changing political and social landscape, I have noticed the ways in which Crown Heights Brooklyn has also gave way to the phenomenon of globalization. From a lifelong perspective on my particular block, I have see the changes in the ways my neighbors and I shop, how we interact, and the effects of this change on the community. In particular, I’ve notice mass merchants opening up around my neighborhood. Neighborhoods comprised of a dominant ethnicity or religious majority tend to favor the â€Å"mom and pop† version of food markets, pharmacies, as well as locally owned day cares, schools, banks and other institutions. It is therefore interesting to watch the process of globalization gradually change my community in similar ways it has changed other secular neighborhood. Particularly notable is how the the local hardware store (where we went to buy our batteries and Walkmans) was replaced by a home depot, and the Jewish operated kosher markets give way to (still Kosher) super-centers. Additionally, in the generation of my youth prior to the technological revolution, the idea of a cell phone for every able bodied adult a nd teen was as foreign as the notion of a flying car, Let alone the use of the Internet for recurrent ordering of good and service. Before everyone was on board with â€Å"America Online† and learning the ins-and-outs of the Internet in the 1900’s, the community of Crown Heights had almost blatantly-defined boundaries, and consumers rarely, if ever traversed these invisible lines for their consumer needs- they had no need for Kosher food, or religious materials or traditional Jewish food. In one article, Mele makes an analogy using the Lower east side of New York City to describe the visceral effects of globalization on the urban life (5), explaining the ways big business has reinvented and marginalized the â€Å"local character† of these neighborhoods. When big companies seek to get bigger by opening chains in small religious neighborhoods, the negatives are the same as when they open in secular locales, such as the Lower East side of the New York City- the negatives are blatant. The anti-globalization arguments are also the same region to region; that is, the fear of mistreatment to workers and low wages for them to bring home (Clawson 1) among other things. With respect to my neighborhood, I can recall discussions by a few Rabbi’s about ways to slow or ameliorate such ills of the global market sprawl. But the sprawling of global living is inevitable, and as conservative a community may be, we should look for ways to live with the effects of globalization. We should strive to maximize the advantages while minimizing the harms. I will not claim that this trend in my neighborhood has lacked any appeal or advantage. Price and convenience of products are changing for the better, as we are able to obtain goods and services from the far reaches of the world by a click of a button, a phone call or a trip to your mass retailer. These large businesses offer delivery, savings selection and convenience often not affordable to the mom and pop store. The local butcher, local grocers and authentic, traditional bakeries in my neighborhood were replaced by large supermarkets promoting deep discounts and convenience of â€Å"one stop shopping.† According to recent research, Zhu, Singh and Dukes argue that some stores located near these larger enterprises performed better than those located miles away or more (3). Still, one can not ignore that In a society which is fast paced, local community economies are suffering greatly. The availability of goods and services may be more prolific than ever, but the quality leaves much to be remembered, as I do from the time of my childhood. The citizens of Crown Heights have learned to adapt to change, yet they may be powerless after all. Globalization means you aren’t just competing against the store across the street, but rather someone in another town or other nation, one quite possibly with a lower labor rate, cheaper raw materials and cheaper overhead. In a world like this, how can the small guys survive? Actually, there have been many suggestions for local sustainability put forth by both the merchants and the consumer culture. The government has attempted tariffs and legislations to promote local industry, and there are myriad anti-globalization organizations such as environmental groups like Greenpeace, and international groups like Oxfam (â€Å"Globalization† 1) However, experience from my community suggests that it is not government agenda, but community action that will bring forth the best long term changes. Studies often result in competing and/or mixed results and conclusions, but it is clear that Crown heights has changed for the worse in many ways due to globalization. For that reason it is logical to site academic studies to explain the causes and cures to this downside of global markets. Conventional wisdom and research may suggest that when large â€Å"Wall-Mart’s† open in a community, local businesses suffer for it. This model may also explain what is going on in Crown Heights- the total drawbacks of globalization outweigh any benefits. The negative impacts of the giant Wall-Mart is often used (perhaps correctly) to generalize the ills of the globalization. One recent study analyzed them once again, making use of national data, finding that the opening of a Wall-Mart reduces local-level (county) retail employment by 150 jobs. Because Wal-Mart stores employ an average of 360 workers, this suggests that for every new retail job created by Wal-Mart, 1.4 jobs are lost as existing businesses downsize or close. The study also found that the arrival of a Wall-Mart store reduces total county-wide retail payroll by an average of about $1.2 million (Flandez 1) So it would seem that local ownership is vital to the livelihood of a community, as well as the survival of the community’s traditions and to prevent global homogenization of consumer products and services. The obvious question for a member of a local community, concerns how to take back the consumer market. Perhaps local supermarkets can offer more comprehensive and effective promotional material or increase the scope of product being sold. A community member can do his or her part by buying from the local Farmers Market. This action has been proven to help local economies, and it is also currently trendy to be a devout â€Å"locavore† in certain places in New York City. The fact that farmers are selling direct to the most proximal residents means revenue stays within the community. Even if every need cannot be fulfilled from a local market, each local purchase has an incremental impact; and, when applied by the masses, grows exponentially. By supporting local food, Tierney (1) points out some benefits to the local community: one does not support shopping malls, chains, and the roads and infrastructure needed to nourish them. Instead, one supports farms, and the natural habitat that comes with them. This is a positive from a conservationist perspective. Lastly, but by far of least importance, is that locally grown food is fresher, and more flavorful. If the model of the farmer’s market can be applied to any other commercial product, it should; and other forms of push-back by consumer behavior modification such as this should be used to enhance the benefits of local markets on their respective communities. The fact that these markets are growing independent of government influence is a sign that people do value their small community enterprises. Every aspiring entrepreneur has big dreams. Many have small budgets, though, and globalization processes have led to the suppression and elimination of these entrepreneurial types to actualize their dreams and help the communities and maintain the cultures they were born into. Globalization has changed the look and feel of my community, as well as the very physical and social definition and boundaries of my community. A visitor in Crown Heights today, taking a stroll down the street intent on some consumer purchase, may have come from much further away compared to decades past. Hopefully, this consumer will consider the affect of his or her dollar on the local economy and chose wisely about where to spend it. Many times one will find that buying a product which is â€Å"grown locally† won’t cost you more than the alternative; and even if it it does, your purchase helps future generations of your community. Even in the slow-changing conservative religious community of my youth, commercial globalization takes a toll on the local economy and eventually effects traditional values, yet we still have choice as a community about where we shop. It is my hope that the small budget entrepreneur of today’s market will make a comeback in my neighborhood! Sources Clawson, Julie. â€Å"Globalization and Consumerism.† Onehandclapping: incantations at the edge of uncertainty. Julie Clawson, 20 Nov 2008. Web. Web. 28 Feb 2013. Flandez, Raymund. â€Å"What Can You Do to Fight Wall-Mart.† Wall Street Journal. 20 Mar 2009: n. page. Web. 30 Jan. 2013. Marco Lauteri, et al. â€Å"Combining Demographic And Land-Use Dynamics With Local Communities perceptions For Analyzing Socio-Ecological Systems: A Case Study In A Mountain Area Of Italy.† Iforest – Biogeosciences & Forestry 5.3 (2012): 1-8. Academic Search Complete. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. Tierney, John. â€Å"Fresh and Direct From the Garden an Ocean Away.† New York Times. 30 Aug 2011: n. page. Web. 30 Jan. 2013. Zhu, Ting, Vishal Singh, and Anthony Dukes. â€Å"Local Competition, Entry, And Agglomeration.† Quantitative Marketing & Economics 9.2 (2011): 129-154. Business Source Complete. Web. 29 Jan. 2013.

Bloodless Surgery

Bloodless Surgery| [Type the document subtitle]| Michael Jones| Abstract There have been many court cases that has made, parent who deny their child blood transfusion, to have to get one. Most time the courts will side with the parents, but if their decision not to is life threatening, the court side with the hospital. Most times it is for religious reasons that parent don’t want their child to have blood transfusion. There are many risks associated with blood transfusion, some parents don’t want to take that risk. Some of the diseases you can get are hepatitis B and hepatitis C. HIV and AIDS can also be contracted through blood transfusion. It can even lead to death of a recipient. Is it ethical for parents to chose for their kids not to have blood transfusion. There is an alternative to blood transfusion. There are many tools and techniques to prevent the need for blood transfusion. Many doctors today are moving more towards bloodless surgery. The growth of bloodless surgery can be largely due to the number of Jehovah’s Witness patients. It is beneficial for both the patient and the hospital. More cost effective and faster recovery. I will talk about how preoperative planning is important for a successful bloodless surgery. I will touch on technique like cell savaging and Normothermia. Also introduce you to a cool tool called Cyber-Knife. I will show how Jehovah’s Witnesses and their Hospital Liaison Committee help my family when it came to bloodless surgery. Blood transfusions have been known to have many dangers. In most cases the cons outweighs the pros, causing many people to consider alternative measures. Today one of the most innovative and effective alternatives is bloodless surgery. In the event that you are faced by such a challenging yet important decision such a surgery, allow me to enlighten you on some of the statistics, procedures and benefits of bloodless surgery to assist you in making an informed decision. As we look at some of the dangers that are associated with blood transfusion alongside modern methods, equipment and benefits of bloodless surgery. We will see how these procedures have progressed over the years, and how the increase in use of bloodless surgery can be attributed to a small group of people known as Jehovah’s Witness. Witnesses as patients will not accept blood transfusion, under any circumstances. This has caused doctors to look for other solutions. The reasons why you should use bloodless surgery are the risk associated with blood transfusion. Transfusions have been used for over fifty years in clinical medicine. Within those fifty years it has become apparent that the risk such as infectious viruses, bacterial infections and even death has been linked to blood transfusion. Infectious viruses include but are limited to blood borne pathogens like hepatitis B and C. The Blood bank reports â€Å"for screened units of blood in 2007, 1 in 137,000 had hepatitis B, fewer than 1 in 1,000,000 for hepatitis C† (Nagarsheth, N. P. , Sasan, F. 2009) Blood transfusions have been associated with higher incidence of bacterial infections. â€Å"Bacterial infection was 2 percent non-transfusion patients, 15 percent for those with up to 2 units of blood red blood cells transfused, 22 percent with three to five units of blood, and 29 percent for patients transfused with 6 or more units of blood. † (Nagarsheth, N. P. , Sasan, F. 009) The more blood received in a transfusion, the more likely you are to get a postoperative infection. Many People today receive multiple transfusions. Transfusion in time develops allergenic immunization. This limits the supply of compatible blood. These numbers may seem like lottery chances, but why take the chance. Ultimately there is death. Death is not a foreign outcome of blood transfusion. Transfusion related acute l ung injury or TRALI, was first reported in the early 90’s. It’s a life threading reaction following a blood transfusion. TRALI is now known to cause many deaths each year. However, experts believe that the number of death is much higher than what is reported in relation to TRALI, because many doctors are unaware of the symptoms. The cause for such a reaction is conclusive. New scientist states â€Å"The blood that causes TRALI appears to come primarily from people who have multiple transfusions. TRALI is the top reason for blood transfusion death in the world. Jehovah’s Witnesses have benefited greatly from their faithful course. Although their reason for not having blood transfusions are not because of the negative reasons that derive from it, but because of their devout belief in God and the Bible. They obey scripture such as Acts 15; 20 which states â€Å"abstain from blood† and Leviticus 7; 26 â€Å"you must not eat any blood. † Jehovah’s Witnesses respect Gods authority and has taken their stand against blood transfusions, regardless of the outcome. If you do not agree with such a point of view, let’s examine the benefits to bloodless surgery and its advancing technology. Over the years the tools and techniques of surgery without blood transfusion has improved greatly. One tool or technique used for surgeries with a lot of blood lost is called cell salvage. This involves recovering the blood lost by a patient, cleaning it, and putting it back into the patient. This is done non-stop during surgery. â€Å"Technological advances have increased system automation†¦ offering higher processing speeds and better end product. †(Lawrence Goodnough. 2003 Vol. 4) Cell salvaging is also cost effective for the hospital and the patient. If there is a surgery with lots of blood lost, it is cheaper to use cell salvage than the units of blood used in a transfusion. Also the recovery time is faster reducing the time and money a patient spends at a hospital. How can blood loss during surgery be lowered in order to lessen the chance for need of a blood transfusion? The key is preoperative planning for a successful bloodless surgery. The first thing to be considered is the amount of red blood cell (RBC) that will lost before a transfusion is needed. This is called the transfusion threshold. Another thing that can be done before surgery is to â€Å"increase the patients RBC mass. † (Watchtower Bible and Track Society, 2004) RBC mass can be increased by injection of iron into the patient. Also erythropoietin(EPO). EPO is a protein hormone produced by the kidneys. â€Å"This synthetic hormone acts like the natural erythropoietin found in our kidneys and stimulates the bone marrow to send new, fresh red cells into the bloodstream. † (Watchtower. org)EPO is normally given 10 to 20 days before surgery. If you increase the RBC mass and lower the transfusion threshold, it allows for an even greater acceptable amount of blood loss. Normothermia is a technique used to keep the patient’s body temperature during surgery. This helps keep the blood flowing properly. Managing the patient body temperature throughout the entire process reduces the surreal shock to the body which reduces the chances of incurring infection. The patient can be warmed by a thermal suit or a machine that infuses warm fluid into the body. The position can also help reduces blood loss during surgery. Local veins pressure changes depending on the field of relativity to the heart. Low pressure goes hand in hand with blood saved. Stanford University Medical Center is a pioneer in the use of bloodless surgery in neurosurgery. â€Å"Without sawing into the skull or so much as cutting the scalp, they are curing patients whose brain and spine tumors were not long ago considered a death sentences. † (Fillon, Mike 1997) These surgeries are possible with the use of Stanford University’s computer mediated stereotaxis radio surgery known as the Cyber-knife. The Cyber-Knife is basically a robotic x-ray gun that shots small amounts of radiation into the tumor in a lot of different directions. This kills off the infected tissue without over exposing other parts of the body to radiation. Cyber-knife is a robotic arm that locks the radiation beam on to the tumor and constantly readjusts its aim in response to the patient’s natural small movement. To help doctors in providing treatment without blood transfusions, Jehovah's Witnesses have developed a helpful liaison service. Presently, more than 1,400 Hospital Liaison Committees worldwide are equipped to provide doctors and researchers with medical literature from a data base of over 3,000 articles related to bloodless medicine and surgery. Not only Jehovah's Witnesses, but all patients in general today, are less likely to be given unnecessary transfusions because of the work of the Jehovah’s Witnesses' Hospital Liaison Committees. In many surgeries which doctors felt that a transfusion was needed. The liaison committee has provided them with medical literature that shows how effective EPO can be. Some did not think that it would work fast enough to make up the amount of blood needed. A number of cases have shown how quickly EPO gets results. In one instance, on the very same day after EPO was administered, the count of new red cells was already four times normal! †(Watchtower. org) My mother and father got to see how effective the liaison committee, and blood surgery first hand. When my brother was 16 years old, we found out that he had cancer in his knee. At that time there was no hospitals with a committee or doctor that would perform bloodless surgery on Staten Island. So the hospital liaison committee located Mount Sinai Hospital that had one doctor that did do bloodless surgery. My brother was put on EPO, and was the only patient that was. For all of the doctors this was their first time use EPO, or even doing bloodless surgery. They were extremely surprised how much better he was doing than the other kid’s that were having blood transfusions. â€Å"It was really sad to see all those little kids and babies having blood pumped in to them. † That is what my mother said when I was asking her about my brother surgery. She said â€Å"Junior what the only kid that was up walking around, all the other kids was in their beds look like they was about to die. † Two things happened to my brother. First he lost all his hire because of chemotherapy. He also lost his leg because that was the only way they could remove all the cancer. It is reasonable to conclude that although blood transfusion has been around for many years. With all its side effects such as, infectious viruses bacterial infections and even death. It is quickly becoming a thing of the past! With strong scriptural basis and its practical benefits, Jehovah’s Witnesses have been the main reason for the growth of bloodless surgery. Today hospitals across the world implanted bloodless programs to help meet the demand for this growing number. Along with that, doctors have developed many techniques and tools in order to be successful in bloodless surgery. Techniques such as cell savaging and blood recovery and tools like the Cyber-knife. This have allowed for more cost effective surgeries, faster recovery, lower chance for infection and viruses. If ever surgery is something you have to undergo. I hope that I have persuaded you to make the right decision. References Cantrell, S. (2010). New normothermia measure heats up patient- temperature management. Healthcare Purchasing News, 34(3), 22-29. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Fillon, M. (1997). Bloodless surgery. Popular Mechanics, 174(1), 48. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Goodnough, L. , ; Shander, A. (2003). Evolution in alternatives to blood transfusion. Hematology Journal, 4(2), 87. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Nagarsheth, N. P. , ; Sasan, F. (2009). Bloodless Surgery in Gynecologic Oncology. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 76(6), 589-597. doi:10. 1002/msj. 20146 Watch Tower Bible and track society of Pennsylvania. (2004) Transfusion Alternatives, Document Series. Watchtower. org

Response to Don Marquis’ “Why Abortion Is Immoral”

Don Marquis' â€Å"Why Abortion is Immoral† In his essay â€Å"Why Abortion is Immoral,† Don Marquis argues against the morality of abortion on the premise that the value of a fetus' future is so great that it is immoral to take that potential future away from it. Essentially, he contends, abortion is tantamount to murder: killing an individual is prima facie wrong because the loss of the goods of one's future is the worst loss a human can suffer. He calls this potential future a â€Å"future-like-ours,† which is the basis for his contentions.In the next few pages I will delineate the general progression of his argument, and later, will evaluate the plausibility of said argument. Though Marquis makes both logical and compelling claims, there are several concerns and weaknesses that arise from his argument that must be considered. Marquis establishes his argument with the exploration of why killing humans is wrong, in any case. The clear answer, he says, is that k illing is wrong because of its â€Å"effect on the victim† (Ethical Issues in Modern Medicine, 558).Taking one's life deprives the victim of â€Å"all the experiences, activities, projects, and enjoyments that would otherwise have constituted one's future,† and this is the greatest loss that any human can suffer (558). This theory of wrongness can account for why it is also wrong to kill infants and young children, whereas other theories that make narrower claims (e. g. â€Å"It is prima facie wrong to kill only rational agents) do not stand in such cases. There are obvious implications concerning the ethics of abortion with this theory in place.Marquis contends that â€Å"The future of a standard fetus includes a set of experiences, projects, activities, and such which are identical with the futures of adult human beings†¦ † (559). It follows then, that because it is wrong to kill humans, it is also wrong to kill potential humans, and so abortion is prima facie seriously wrong. Fetuses have a viable, valuable future, which Marquis calls a â€Å"future-like-ours. † So, he adds, whether one has â€Å"immediate past experiences or not† does not matter when it comes to killing, because it is the value of the potential future that must be taken into onsideration (561). Marquis goes on to refute other theories of wrongness of killing. One such example is that valuing one's future implies a valuer, but fetuses obviously cannot value their futures, and so their futures are not valuable to them. However, Marquis counters this notion by providing us with an example: one may think during a time of despair that his â€Å"future is of no worth whatsoever,† but he is wrong to think so because â€Å"others rightly see value†¦ in it† (561).So, just because a fetus cannot appreciate its own future, we are aware of the value of its potential future, so abortion is still wrong. Other claims put forth that to be an actu al victim, one requires mentation. However, we still recognize that it is wrong to kill those that are unconscious or in a coma (who have prospects of emerging out of their states), so it follows that mentation is not a necessary condition to be a victim. Marquis' refutations provide for his very strong and compelling argument against abortion.I will grant Marquis that his progression of logic is rational; if a fetus were allowed to fully develop, it would indeed become a sentient being with the capacity of enjoying a prosperous future. However, some ambiguities arise as a result of his claims and it is difficult to say how Marquis would respond. The first concern I would like to address regards the case of a fetus with a debilitating disease. With today's technology, it is quite easy to detect any abnormalities in a fetus very early on in the pregnancy.Say, for example, a couple finds out that their fetus has some sort of affliction that will make him terminally ill. They want to a bort the fetus because they cannot stand the notion of bringing a child into the world that, although sentient and rational, will have a markedly reduced life span and suffer greatly throughout whatever life he has. How would Marquis respond in this case? He might argue that though the child will suffer, he still has a potential future in which he formulate goals, and have experiences and projects.However, we must note that during his argument, Marquis says â€Å"If the patient's future is intolerable†¦ we want our account to allow killing the patient† and that â€Å"it is the value of the patient's future which is doing the work in rendering the morality of killing the patient intelligible† (561). Obviously, a quandary arises. Does the fetus in our example have a future that is less valuable than that of a normal one? Can we justify aborting this fetus, because although he will be rational and most likely capable of having experiences, the scope of his suffering will be exceedingly great?Are we in any sort of position to prescribe the value of someone else's future without knowing exactly how it will play out? So while it is plausible that Marquis would still argue from an anti-abortionist stance due to its potential future, this decision will very probably not sit well with the parents who have to watch their child suffer throughout his shortened life. This is one ambiguity that exists in Marquis' argument that has no easy answer, and is worth noting. We must recognize that cannot say with such conviction that we know what a future-like-ours entails.It seems presumptuous to assert that a future-like-ours is always a positive thing; how can we account for the fetus in the previous example, or an inner-city child essentially having to raise himself because his parents are absent? What about the child who is stuck in a situation with abusive parents, with no one to turn to for help? Though I grant Marquis the soundness of his general argument , and the premise that all fetuses have a potential future, we cannot infer from this claim that this future will necessarily be a positive one.It becomes a murky and essentially taboo dilemma to even ask if the lives of these children are worth living, and if they would have been better off being aborted in the womb. Marquis may still claim that every fetus has a right to life no matter what, but because he does not consider these cases in his argument, it is worth noting that the answers might not be so straightforward and that more complicated cases do exist. The main concern I would like to note regarding Marquis' argument is that he does not once consider the rights of the mother and the value of her future.Although Marquis treats the fetus as an independent being, we must at least recognize that the fetus' life depends on its mother's: it receives all of its nutrition from her and it develops in her womb. So, how would Marquis respond to a situation in which the mother will su rely (or even has the remote chance) of dying in childbirth, even if the fetus will not? Here, we have two potential futures contesting each other, because this is a one or the other situation – either the fetus must die or the mother will in delivering it.Similar to the example mentioned previously of the sick fetus, it is not easy to simply prescribe one of their futures with more value than the other one. An anti-abortionist could possibly make the argument that the fetus' life should be saved because it has a longer future to attain, since the mother has already lived a significant portion of her life. However, one could contend that because the mother is already a sentient, rational being and already has goals and projects set in place for her life, her right to life should take precedence over the fetus, who still has no capacity to value its future.To take away the future of the mother would be more cruel than to take it away from the unaware fetus. Furthermore, what a bout a situation in which the mother is a teenager, and adoption is out of the question? Say, for example, she has to drop out of school and get a low-paying job, and struggles greatly for a significant amount of time trying to provide for herself and her baby. What has happened to her future-like-ours? Both the mother and the child are in dire situations, and it is obvious that the mother would have been in a better current situation had the fetus been aborted, as uncomfortable as that contention may make us.The case of the child, however, is much more complex because again, it is difficult to weigh his suffering with his capacity for potentiating a future. I would not like to argue one way or another, but would simply like to note that it is unclear how Marquis would respond to these predicaments and should have noted such in the essay. As I conclude enumerating the ambiguities that arise from Marquis' contentions, I would like to consider the hypothetical case in which Marquis di d allow for an abortion, in, for example, the case of the fetus that has some sort of debilitating disease.He might contend that the inevitable suffering in the fetus' â€Å"future-like-ours† outweighs the positive value of his potential future, so an abortion in this case would be permissible. However, what does this do for the integrity of the future-like-ours argument? If we can begin to make exceptions like this, where can we draw the line of what constitutes a â€Å"good† or â€Å"bad† future-like-ours? If Marquis begins to allow for such xceptions, it seems to diminish the value of his theory as a whole, because it connotes that the futures of some fetuses are less valuable than others even if they are both capable of having potential experiences, dreams, projects, etc. On a broader and related scope, if an anti-abortionist who argues on the sanctity-of-life theory makes an exception for the abortion of a fetus who was the product of a rape or is in a situ ation where the mother cannot provide for it, it invalidates their entire premise. Both fetuses are innocent and have equal rights to their future.So, if Marquis did make an exception, it would compromise the integrity of his argument. Marquis makes very compelling and interesting claims in his essay, and takes a novel approach in the controversy over abortion. He uses a strong premise that is not too broad or too narrow in scope, as some anti-abortionists and pro-life activists end up doing in their reasoning. However, as mentioned above, ambiguities do arise from his argument, the most significant of which being the consideration of the mother's right to a future.With this considered, it becomes clear that a â€Å"future-like-ours† may not be as clear-cut of an idea as Marquis would like us to think. The essay would have been stronger and more lucid if Marquis considered â€Å"futures-like-ours† that are not exactly futures like ours. By virtue of the sheer breadth a nd variety of experiences that humans experience as a species, it is much more difficult to define a future-like-ours than Marquis delineates in his essay.

Enemies of the cross and the qur'an the end of the soul Essay

Enemies of the cross and the qur'an the end of the soul - Essay Example Chapter 35 of the text specifically discusses the disproportionate level of impact that liberal ideology has had within Christianity as compared to Islam. One of the underlying reasons for this level of disproportionate impact has to do with the fact that a large portion of Christian ideology is predicated upon the ethos of miraculous occurrences. Whereas it is true that Islam is largely based upon an understanding of miraculous intervention as well, Christian dogma and doctrine loses a great deal of legitimacy when faced with a situation in which these miraculous occurrences might not in fact be true. Moreover, as a direct result of the liberal ideologies that came to pervade Christianity in the early 18th century, the overall extent to which learned individuals integrated with a belief in miracles began to decline rapidly; providing a situation in which the backbone and fundamentals of the Christian faith radically different from an interpretation of science or ideology of the early modern era. By means of contrast and comparison, Islam has fared rather well from the influences of liberalism. This has mainly to do with the fact that the tradition of Islam is not predicated upon the occurrences of miracles or the many different diverse approaches towards religious interpretation; that exist to such a wide degree under the umbrella of Christian denominations. The text further illustrates the fact that Islam has been able to incorporate key changes in technology, sociology, science, and other key fields without losing an inherent level of relevance to the lives of those who practice it. This can again by linked back to the fact that Islam is fundamentally different than Christianity in the fact that it is a more personal religious experience; as compared to the more group relevant dynamics that Christianity holds. Further,

Contribution of Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Essay

Contribution of Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King - Essay Example What Gandhi had achieved for India, the same has achieved by King for the African-Americans. They are often referred as the leaders who were mutually influenced and both suffered exceptionally to cherish their dreams. When king had taken his first steps to political activism, he protested against the anti-black violence. The Civil Rights Movement of King was mainly influenced by the non-violence resistance of Gandhi (The Martin Luther King Education and Research Institute, 2014). King entered to the African American Civil Rights Movement in 1955. It was he who led the movement and took the decisive role in spreading it. The Civil Rights Movement actually began when a black Montgomery resident was arrested for not surrendering her seat on bus to a white man. The black activists, under the leadership of King protested against the Segregation law and boycott the Montgomery transit system. They also formed the Montgomery Improvement Association. This movement forced the Montgomery city g overnment to abolish the segregation on buses. King’s fighting, without violence caused for a political change and he was thus established as a powerful leader. Another significant contribution of King to American politics and social life was his endeavor to assure the voting rights for the African -Americans. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 assured the enfranchisement of African-Americans and it outlawed the discrimination in voting system.

Emerging Markets Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Emerging Markets Finance - Essay Example It is only recently tht ttempts hve been mde, s in Ghosh nd Ghosh (2002) nd Mulder et l. (2002), to incorporte institutions more systemticlly into erly-wrning systems. But this hs just strted nd systemtic wy in which to model the crisis-relevnt institutionl setting hs not yet been found. Erly-wrning models focussing solely on CEECs hve completely neglected institutionl fctors. Generlly, empiricl studies on CEECs re scrce, despite the specil importnce of detecting vulnerbilities not only in the run-up to the CEECs' membership of the EU, but especilly lter on during ERM II prticiption. This pper discusses the importnce of infltion nd currency stbility s the wy of the economy development of emerging countries. The pper is structured s follows. First, look is tken t the theoreticl pproches dopted to explin currency crises nd the importnce of infltion nd currency stbility on the development of emerging economies. This prt prticulrly seeks to show the chnnels through which institutions cn influence country's vulnerbility to currency crises. In the second section, n econometric logit model is used to exmine the extent to which institutionl fctors cn serve s erly-wrning indictors for currency crises in Estern Europe. Recent yers hve witnessed d... Such low levels of infltion hve not been seen since before World Wr II, when, mostly tinder the discipline of the gold stndrd system of fixed exchnge rtes, prices were roughly stble nd episodes of defltion were not uncommon. The recent decline of infltion in emerging mrkets looks ll the more impressive ginst the bckground of the 11970s nd 1980s. Infltion begn to rise grdully in the 1950s, but it ccelerted drmticlly in the 1970s nd erly 1980s, culminting in severl episodes of triple-digit nnul infltion nd four mjor hyperinfltions in the lte 1980s/erly 1990s. From tht point on, disinfltion ws steep. This rise nd fll of infltion in emerging mrkets ppers to reflect in prt chnges in the interntionl monetry system nd infltion trends in dvnced countries. One notble feture of the post-World Wr II period ws n increse in infltion persistence compred with erlier historicl ers, when infltion ws either generlized nd grdul (e.g., following the gold discoveries of the fifteenth through the nineteenth century), or rpid nd specific, reflecting exceptionl fiscl strins (s during or immeditely fter wrs). This grdul increse in the persistence of infltion, combined with the brekup of the Bretton Woods interntionl system of commodity-bsed money nd the ssocited removl of externl constrints on ccommodtive monetry policies, mde it possible for the supply shocks of the 1970s to push world infltion to unprecedented pecetime levels, producing the "Gret Infltion" of the 1970s nd erly 1980s. To the extent tht emerging mrkets imported this infltion, loosened fiscl policies, nd lso dopted incresingly ccommodt ive monetry policies during the period, these externl trends were

Starbucks and their Substitutes. How the company stayed dominant Essay

Starbucks and their Substitutes. How the company stayed dominant against their competition before, during, and after the recession - Essay Example The period is characterized by the plunge of GDP by two triumphant quarters. Unlike its competitors, Starbucks, and their substitute have managed to stay dominant before, during and after the recession. The analysis of why Starbucks has been dominant is incredibly vital to every organization especially those companies that experience a tremendous decrease in trading activity during the recession. Starbucks can be considered as a sample test to every company that is planning to start trading in the coffee industry as well as the imminent companies on how to maintain their trading activities regardless of the economic period. During the recession, the company attempted to have a massive expansion program. There is a range of advantages that are related to the development of markets especially to a company that is already established. Some of these benefits include better turnover due to high trading, creation of employment among others An expansion and especially in an in a recession period can be beneficial to the company and at the same time it can limit. For instance, the company can acquire a significant market share before its competitors have any plan on their situation. Conversely, the company may become overexposed to various levels of risks which may reduce or constrain the company’s future programs (Higbee, Liaw, Ting, Tjho, & Ton, 2008). Fundamentally, Starbucks situation can be seen from two dimensions including a liberal and a conservative view. From a liberal point of view, Starbucks and its substitute have effectively managed to secure it going concern through the various risk control mechanism. In contrast, the Starbucks strategic plan can be viewed as a way of exposing itself to it competitors There are various alternatives actions that the company can take to ensure that they do not lose their competitive advantage despite the various drawbacks. These measures include maintaining quality standards,

Business Plan for Great Barrier Reef Sponge Farm Case Study

Business Plan for Great Barrier Reef Sponge Farm - Case Study Example Based on feasibility studies, the business has targeted two premises, one to be used as its administrative office and the other as its factory location. Rents in the administrative block stand at $15,000 per annum while rents at the factory stand at $16,000 amounting to a total of $31,000 per annum. Initial funding for the project is expected to be $100,000. Of this amount, the principal shareholder has contributed 40%, that is, $40,000 while a bank lone of $60,000 has been secured to cover the remaining 60% of the funding requirements. The proprietor placed his three apartments flat as collateral security for the loan. Sales for the first year are expected to amount to $500,000 and are expected to grow at an annual rate of 10%. Gross profit is expected to be $100,000 against which expenses for rents, depreciation of factory equipment, wages and salaries, overhead expenses and miscellaneous expenses will be charged. Expenses during the second, third, fourth and fifth year are expected to witness increases as the company plans to increase expenditure on advertising, research and development, staff, and office and factory equipment. Constant growth is expected to come from an aggressive marketing strategy that will be adopted by the company. The company also expects to develop a good reputation through the supply of high quality products as well as good customer services. The company will also do everything necessary to protect the environment it which it operates such as improving its waste management activities as well becoming ISO1400 certified. Mission Statement. The mission of Reef Sponge Farm Cairn-Australia is to provide its customers with high quality sponges and to maintain a high reputation in the sponge industry in Cairns and Australia as a whole. Overview SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis refers to the strengths, weaknesses threats and opportunities. Strengths include such things as technical competence of proprietors, enough financial resources, good network of contacts for potential clients, suppliers and target market. Weaknesses include lack of management skills, no business track record, and no current plan for management succession in the short-term. Opportunities include rapidly growing market, poor reputation of existing businesses, large number of old yet valuable homes, availability of casual staff and tradespersons, availability of display and manufacturing premises within the area, high disposable income within the target market, potential for future expansion of the business. Threats include poor reputation of the industry, potential for economic downturn, natural disasters and catastrophes, wars, existence of competitors rising cost of raw materials, rising cost of real wages, government regulation. As far as Great Barrier Reef Sponge Farm is concerned, the main strengths of the company include the presence of scientists with experience in sponge products who have sound technical basis in solving production problems as they arise and in proposing innovative strategies for growth. The company has also has a good management with knowledge of both financial, managerial and marketing skills which makes it possible for it to overcome management problems and thus increases its ability to succeed in the industry. Some of the weaknesses of

Ethogram project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethogram project - Assignment Example the warthog despite the presence of other animals such as the buffalo (Bubalus, Syncerus, Bos 13), giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), and the antelopes (Antilocapra americana) in the areas where the warthogs were grazing. Early that morning (10.00AM), the adult warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) cleaned the skin of their offspring using their teeth. Some warthogs were also moving from place to place. At noon (12.00PM), the sun became very hot making the warthogs graze while kneeling and other warthogs moving from one point to another in search of shelter as well as grass. In the afternoon (2.00PM), the temperature was extremely hot making majority of the warthogs to sleep and a few to spend their time cleaning the fur of others via use of their teeth. Some warthogs that were active however ran in one a large group from one place to another when they saw us driving across where they were grazing. While running, they occasionally stopped and looked at us. The choice of this hypothesis is in tandem with the assumption that warthogs move in groups in order to locate food resources. Although male warthogs often love solitary life; they move alone from one place to another, majority of the people believe that warthogs move in groups so as to minimize the rate of their predation by predators. The testing of this hypothesis will enable one understand the lifestyle of warthogs as well as the factors that contribute to their movement in groups. The causal question and the hypothesis for this study will expound on the ultimate cause of warthogs social behavior. The social behavior of the warthogs is likely to have evolved with time because of decrease in food resources as well as increase in the rate of predation. Test for the hypothesis: Information regarding the population of the warthogs in the San Diego zoo will be collected in four different times in a year and their number tabulated for future reference. The information to be documented will include the groups of

Pressures for Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pressures for Change - Essay Example Barrett was barely a year old at the organization when America started the war on Iraq. This was in 2001. The war was solely a political move that had dire consequences on different aspects of the American economy. It strained the economy as more money was needed to fund the fight. In this case, the money could only be sourced from public fund which is tax collected. This resulted in a shift in the purchasing forms of most the American market. The war also affected international markets. For instance, sympathizers of the Iraqi government started discriminating against American products and Intel was one of the companies that felt the consequence of the discrimination. Intel manufactures computer chips and sells them off to other companies some of which are situated overseas (Palmer, Dunford & Akin, 2009). The poor performance following this had detrimental consequences on the firms’ standings at the stocks market since low sales meant lower profits resulting to low dividends t o its share holders. As a result, investors began shying off from Intel’s shares and this was to blame for the poorest price of twenty dollars that the company’s share got to by September 2001. This poor performance caused by the geopolitical factor needed effective change to reverse. It was a trend that could have seen this leading market player liquidated within the shortest period and the chief executive office Craig Barrett could not have known what would have hit him. Being the aggressive individual he was, he noticed the need initiate change and introduce a brand into the market that could sustain the buying trends at the time. It is with this in mind that he launched faster and smaller processors at lower prices. With this type of product, the firm shifted its market target from the high end citizens to the middle and low class who coincidentally formed the majority of the population. He also was forced to diversify the firm’s operation. He transformed th e company from merely making the microprocessors to a manufacturer of other information and communication appliances. In as much as the move to begin manufacturing other communication and information appliances was a good one, it was bound to impact negatively on the general sale of the firm’s products. Intel initially manufactured these micro chips and sold them to other manufacturers of ICT products such as Toshiba, Acer, and Hewlett Packer (HP). This meant that these other secondary firms would buy these chips in bulk and use them to manufacture their products. But since Intel would still reserve the copyright laws, they would always indicate that their products had Intel chips. This acted as a platform for further advertisement for Intel’s products. It is, therefore, only logical that when Intel began manufacturing such appliances as computers and mobile phones, it started competing for the very limited market with its former customers. This would not have been rec eived positively by these companies as they started treating Intel as a competitor and not a supplier. This further reduced the sales of the firm’s products and contributed to the poor price of the firm in the year 2001 and early 2002. With a poor performance, and the changes that the chief executive officer was making in the firm, the company was most definitely taking a newer shape. The

Turbo Tax & IRS FreeFile and a Software Program of the Intuit Company Research Paper

Turbo Tax & IRS FreeFile and a Software Program of the Intuit Company - Research Paper Example The IRS is the provider of the FreeFile that is also a program for filing taxes online. FreeFile assists in tax preparations and e-filing for free. A prospective user would need Turbo Tax software because of many reasons. One of the reasons relates to the ability of the software to support the online filing of tax returns. Through the capability, the software can help a user to save time that would others waste when moving to places of tax returns, and sometimes following along system to get clearance. Another reason that a prospect would love to use Turbo Tax software relates to its ability to run error checks. The software is able to perform error checks, and a final review of a user’s return to ensure that tax calculations are correct. Turbo Tax software has four major versions meant for different kinds of consumers. The first version is the Federal Free Edition that performs simple tax returns, and absolutely free. The second version is the Deluxe that maximizes an individual’s tax deductions. The Deluxe version of Turbo Tax costs $34.99 and is the most popular version. The third version of Turbo Tax software is the Premier, which is good for rental and investment property (Krantz, 2015). The Premier version costs $54.99. Home and Business is the fourth version of the Turbo Tax software. The edition costs $79.99 and appropriate for sole proprietors and small business operators. One can find the Turbo Tax software versions from the link https://turbotax.intuit.com/personal-taxes/compare.jsp. A prospective user would also want to use the IRS FreeFile program because of some good features of the software. The software is capable of performing deductions and analyzing tax history of the taxpayer and provides a comprehensive report to the effect (IRS, 2015). The FreeFile is also safe and efficient, which enable t to assure security, preserve privacy and allow quick access to user’s tax records. FreeFile also has features that support  the filing of tax returns for individuals earning below $60000.  

The Carbon Cycle Essay Example for Free

The Carbon Cycle Essay The Carbon Cycle is a complex series of actions through which all of the carbon in existence rotate. The same carbon in your body today may have been used in many other molecules since time began. The wood burned just a few years ago could have made carbon dioxide which through photosynthesis became part of a plant. When you eat that plant, the same carbon from the wood which was burnt can become part of you. The carbon cycle is the great natural recycler of carbon. Unfortunately, the greatness of its importance is rarely stressed enough. Without the proper use and function of the carbon cycle, every aspect of life could be changed immensely. We believe that its very important to understand how the carbon cycle works in order to see the problems of it not working. Just look at a sample carbon cycle and explore how carbon moves through our natural world. Plants, animals, and soil interact to make up the basic cycles of nature. In the carbon cycle, plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and use it, put together with water they get from the soil, to make the things they need for growth. The process of photosynthesis puts in the carbon from carbon dioxide into sugars. Animals, such as the rabbit, eat the plants and use the carbon to build their own tissues. Other animals, such as the fox, eat the rabbit and then use the carbon for their own needs. These animals return carbon dioxide into the air when they breathe, and when they die, since the carbon is returned to the soil during decomposition. The carbon in soil may then be used in a new plant. Ultimately, the same carbon can move through many organisms and even end in the same place where it began.

Contract Law Case Study of Hotel

Contract Law Case Study of Hotel Contract law involving a hotel and client A. In this scenario, the first significant point is the nature of the parties’ respective first dealings with one another. From the hotel’s point of view, their first contact with A was through their advertisement on their website. This advertised the price of accommodation at the Scarborough Palms Hotel as being  £300. From A’s point of view, his first contact with the hotel is through an initial emailed enquiry. Although we are not told exactly what A’s initial enquiry was concerned with, it is probable that it was simply asking for details of the offer. In order to establish what the nature of the ultimate contract is, between the hotel and A, it is first necessary to find the ‘offer’ and ‘acceptance’; the constituent parts of any contract. An offer has been held to be a statement which objectively (I.e. to a reasonable observer) indicates that the person making the ‘offer’ is prepared to contract on the terms specified in that offer (Gibson v Manchester City Council). It would at first sight, appear that the hotel’s website and advert for the accommodation at the specified price was an offer. This, however, is not the case, as it has been held by the courts that advertisements are usually ‘invitations to treat’ rather than offers, as the advert usually lacks the other essential ingredient of a contract; an intention to be legally bound (Partridge v Crittenden). This principle is in place in order to protect the advertiser from incurring liability in contract to everyone who is willing to purchase the goods (in this case, the holiday), at the advertised price. An ‘invitation to treat’ is an invitation to the other party to negotiate the terms of a potential contract. A responds to this invitation by making his initial email enquiry, which can similarly be classed as an invitation to treat, or perhaps simply an enquiry. No offer has yet been made by either party (Fisher v Bell). The hotel then respond to A’s initial enquiry informing A of a special promotion that will entitle him to the accommodation at the price of  £200. This communication will certainly be counted as an offer, as it displays an intention to be bound by the terms it mentions (a requirement that was first set out in the seminal case, Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co). A then ‘accepts’ the offer by filling in the online booking form. The hotel have stipulated a means of acceptance, by providing the online booking form which A is required to complete. This is, then, the hotel’s prescribed method of acceptance. A, through no fault of his own, is unable to complete this prescribed method of acceptance, despite his attempt. It is uncertain whether this will affect his ‘acceptance’. In Manchester Diocesan Council for Education v Commercial and General Investments Ltd, it was held that the prescribed method of acceptance was not the only possible one, prov ided the other method was no less advantageous to the offeror. Unless the hotel specifically stated that the online booking form was the only method of acceptance, A’s posting of a hard copy would be valid. We come to the issue of communication of the acceptance to the offeror. Upon A’s arrival at the hotel, he is informed that his booking form did not arrive, and that there are no available rooms. It is an established principle that an acceptance must be communicated to the offeror in order for their to be a contract (Holwell Securities Ltd v Hughes). In the present instance, however, the acceptance has been posted by A. Following Household Fire Insurance v Grant, the acceptance is effectively communicated on posting (the so called ‘postal rule‘). In order for this rule to apply, however, it must have been reasonable for A to use the post to accept the offer (Quenerduaine v Cole). In this instance, since the online booking form was not working, it seems likely that it would be found to have been a reasonable method of acceptance. As of this point, then, the contract exists between A and the hotel. The terms of the contract specify that A will have accommodation at the hotel for the price of  £200. He will later be able to claim damages for breach of contract from the hotel when they cannot furnish him with a room at that rate. Before that arises, however, there is a further contract which requires clarification. Upon A’s arrival, and discovery that his booking form has not arrived, he threatens to sue the hotel. The manager’s response is to make an offer of accommodation for  £250. It is possible that subsequently, the hotel could claim the offer was made under undue influence. It is an established principle of contract law that where a contract is induced by undue pressure, it is voidable (Williams v Bayley). This means that if the hotel can establish that the manager made the offer under pressure, the agreement could be cancelled. A agrees to these terms, and a second contract exists betwe en the parties. A then spend his holiday at the hotel and completes the second contract. A subsequently claims for damages in the amount of  £50. The hotel counter-claims for damages because A has breached the contractual term not to pursue an action against the hotel. These two claims, however, refer to two distinct contracts, and both, it would seem, are legitimate claims. It is possible that through forming the second contract, the equitable principle of waiver came into play. That is, by making the second contract, the parties (and A in particular), waived the right to claim damages (Hughes v Metropolitan Railway). There is also the possibility that by forming the second contract, the initial contract was frustrated, as it became impossible to carry out because the parties had subsequently contracted to the same agreement on different terms (Nickoll Knight v Ashton Edridge Co). With regard to the second contract, the hotel are within their rights to claim damages for A’s breach. He has clearly broken his contractual promise not to pursue an action against the hotel. There is a contract rule that a claimant cannot recover damages in respect of a loss which is too remote a consequence of the defendant’s breach of contract. If the losses flow naturally from the breach, which in this case they would appear to, the losses are recoverable (Hadley v Baxendale). The hotel, then, will be able to recover damages for A’s breach of the contract term subject, of course, to proving that this agreement was a term incorporated into the second contract. BIBLIOGRAPHY Statutes Cases Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256, CA Fisher v Bell [1961] 1 QB 394 Gibson v Manchester City Council [1979] 1 WLR 294 Hadley v Baxendale [1854] 9 Exch 341 Holwell Securities Ltd v Hughes [1974] 1 WLR 155 Household Fire Insurance v Grant [1879] LR 4 Ex. D. 216, CA Hughes v Metropolitan Railway [1876-77] LR 2 App Cas 439, HL Manchester Diocesan Council for Education v Commercial and General Investments Ltd [1970] 1 WLR 242 Nickoll Knight v Ashton Edridge Co [1901] 2 KB 126, CA Partridge v Crittenden [1968] 1 WLR 1204 Quenerduaine v Cole [1883] 32 WR 185 Williams v Bayley [1866] LR 1 HL 200, HL Secondary Sources McKendrick, E., Contract Law (Oxford, 2003)

Austrian and Post-Keynesian theories of the competitive process

Austrian and Post-Keynesian theories of the competitive process The Austrian School is a heterodox school of economic thought that emphasizes the spontaneous organizing power of the price mechanism, which was influential in the late 19th and early 20th century (Boettke, 2008). After the 1870s, Marxism spread rapidly in the ranks of workers, and the economic theories that defended for the capitalists went bankrupt. The Austrian economics based on three core concepts: entrepreneurship, subjectivism and market process, which became popular after that. The Post-Keynesian school of thought was developed in the debate with the neoclassical synthesis. After The General Theory of Keynes was published, some different points of view on the practical problems arose in the followers of Keynes, and gradually formed two opposing schools of thought: neoclassical and the Post Keynesian School. The theoretical foundation of Post Keynesian economics is the principle of effective demand, that demand matters in the long as well as the short run, so that a competitiv e market economy has no natural or automatic tendency towards full employment (Arestis, 1996). The objective of this paper is comparing and contrasting Austrian and Post-Keynesian theories of the competitive process. The similarities and differences between these two theories will be stated orderly. Although Austrian and Post-Keynesian theories are two different schools of thought, they still have some degree of similarities. First, they both advocate uncertainty. Next, they both cannot be regarded as profit maximizers. Last, the competitive process is seen as a dynamic process by both theories. First of all, for the Austrian approach uncertainty is pervasive. One of the Austrians core concepts is entrepreneurship. Austrian school thinks that the community is a collection of individuals. Individuals economic activity is a microcosm of the national economy. Through the interpretation of individual economic activities, reasoning illustrates the complexities of real economic phenomena. Entrepreneur is the individual here in the real economy. They are all different in each other. Therefore entrepreneurs in particular always face fundamental uncertainty. Kirzner (1973) emphasized the uncertainty present in all human decision-making, has primarily focused on the entrepreneurial market process. For the Post-Keynesian approach firms pricing behaviour is determined by a mark-up rule. This behavioural approach to pricing is partly in response to the imprecision of price setting in conditions of uncertainty. Uncertainty is the fundamental element of Keynes theory, and Post-Keynesian fo llowed and developed it. In the Post-Keynesian theory of agency, agents are non-optimisers due to fundamental uncertainty. According to Fernando Ferarri Filho (2001), in a context in which time is historical, economic agents do not decide future actions on the basis of statistical series analyses or beliefs justified by experience. To the contrary, decision-making is classified as an environment of true uncertainty. They are not the rational calculators of standard theory. This suggests some overlap with Austrian theory. Second, in Austrians term, entrepreneurs display purposeful pursuit of profit in the competitive process, which provides market order. It cannot be regarded as profit maximizers due to fundamental uncertainty. However profit is still therefore important in motivating agents. Neoclassical theory assume that manufacturers pursuit profit maximization, but we all know there is another voice in society requiring manufacturers to take social responsibility. Social responsibility will increase the companys operating costs, which is not conducive to their competition in the market. So, non-profit-maximizing firms will be sustained by the loss of profits and investment capacity and continuous losses, and finally be forced out of the market. Austrian school advocates idealism and they do not believe that firms select the behaviour of pursuit profit maximization. In post-Keynesian economics, firms are not assumed to maximize profits as well, as is clear in Lavoie (1992, p.105), The standard cri tique of the neoclassical theory of the firm is that profit maximization is not possible because of the lack of pertinent knowledge due to an uncertain environment. Profit maximization is then replaced by profit satisfying. Firms are assumed to set themselves threshold levels of profits; that is, minimum levels of profits or of rates of return. Furthermore, the firms overall objective is the pursuit of power. This involves attempting to control its environment. To become powerful, firms must be big; to become big, firms must grow. Growth is the subjective and profits are the means to realize this objective. However, maximizing growth does not equal to maximizing profits. Firms maximize the rate of growth, subject to various finance and expansion constraints. Last, both school of thoughts believe that there is no absolute equilibrium in the competitive process. The Austrian school views competition as a dynamic process, and sees the market process is driven by entrepreneurial activity. Continual change comes from uncertainty gives rise to the process of market activity. This process provides a more fluid account of market activity, than is typical of standard or neoclassical theory. The equilibrium approach of standard theory, it is claimed, cannot capture the dynamics of the competitive process. The dynamic competitive process of entrepreneurial discovery is one which is seen as trending systematically toward, rather than away from, the path to equilibrium (Kirzner, 1997). In contrast to the equilibrium dynamics of standard theory Austrian economics advocates process dynamics. The process of competition is ever changing and open-ended, and cannot be represented by equilibrium. Furthermore, Hicks, who first introduced the term traverse in to economics, characterized it as the path which will be followed when the steady state is subjected to some kind of disturbance (Hicks, 1973, p.81). In other words, the traverse defines the movement of the economy outside equilibrium. It plays a particularly role in Post-Keynesian theory, as most Post-Keynesian economists have serious doubts about the relevance and usefulness of equilibrium analysis (King, 2003, p.355). Therefore, Post-Keynesian economists analysis the economic phenomenon based on a dynamic competitive process as well as Austrian school. On the other hand, there are also many differences between Austrian theory and Post-Keynesian theory of the competitive process. It is mainly reflected in three aspects, basic principles and methodology, views on competition, theories of agency. First, Austrians are concerned with how a whole economic system works. The individualism and subjectivism of theoretical assumptions is a major concern. They avoid tunnel vision and investigate how the specialized activities of millions of persons, who are making their decisions in a decentralized manner, can be coordinated. The relevant knowledge, such as resources, technology, human wants, and market conditions, is inevitably fragmented among millions, even billions, of separate human minds (Yeager, 2001). Therefore, in Austrian terms there would be no competition in perfect competition as there is no role for entrepreneurial activity. Because entrepreneur will not stay in a market which cannot make abnormal profits. However, Post-Keynesian economists are typically more concerned with explanation than prediction as well as distribution, particularly at an aggregate and systemic level, but not with standard welfare economics. The realism of theoretical assumptions is a major concern . They believe that oligopoly is the normal state of affairs in most markets and oligopolists will typically hold some degree of excess production capacity. The degree of monopoly will vary across different markets. These are different from Austrian economics. Next, the second difference is the views on competition. In the Austrian school, competition is redefined in terms of entrepreneurial rivalry. Entrepreneurs play a crucial role by noticing missed opportunities and discover an act upon new pieces of information. The Austrian school of economics argues that true competition is a process rather than a static condition. For competition to be improved and sustained there needs to be a genuine desire on behalf of entrepreneurs to engage in competitive behaviour, to innovate and to invent to drive markets forward (Riley, 2006). In an uncertain environment entrepreneurial activity is characterised by error and errors lead to change. In contrast, Post-Keynesian economics argues that competition is inherently about dominance. Dominance here indicates dominant firms set the price in the market. The Post-Keynesian economics believe that market cannot determine the prices. Prices are administered in accordance with firms objectives and are not ty pically market-clearing prices due to the pursuit of power. Therefore, firms use a mark-up pricing rule, which is price equals average cost plus mark up. The Post-Keynesian school of economics argues that market dominance is merely perfect and markets are prone to reinforcing dominance over time. Finally, theses two school of thoughts advocate different theories of agency. On the one hand, Austrian theory is strongly individualist. All theory is based on individuals, which are entrepreneurs instead of firms or industries or other higher-level agents. But some Post-Keynesian theories are concerned with the social and historical location of economic actors. On the other hand, because of fundamental uncertainty, agents in Austrian theory are broadly rational but they are not the rational calculators of neoclassical theory. But agents do behave with intent. They engage in purposeful action and can make qualitative judgements. This radical subjectivism leads to an interest in individual rights over welfare considerations. These diverse activities are interdependent; yet no particular agency takes charge of coordinating them, and none would be competent to do so (Yeager, 2001). However, agents in Post-Keynesian theory are central to understanding how markets work. King (2003, p.1) argued that since agents make choices, they must possess a capacity that enables them to accomplish this. The idea of making a choice involves more than just a random or capricious action. To make a choice is to engage in an intentional act based upon reasons and beliefs, which must be possessed by agents. Furthermore, agents cannot be optimisers because they have to deal with uncertainty in attempting to establish their dominance. The role of uncertainty is perhaps less positive than it is in Austrian theory. In conclusion, this paper compared and contrasted Austrian and Post-Keynesian theories of the competitive process. First, the three similarities between these two theories of the competitive process were stated. Both Austrian and Post-Keynesian theories advocate uncertainty in the competitive process. Both these two schools cannot be regarded as profit maximizers. And the competitive process is seen as a dynamic process by both theories. Then the differences between these two theories been shown. The differences are mainly reflected in three aspects, basic principles and methodology, views on competition, theories of agency. Austrians are concerned with how a whole economic system works. The individualism and subjectivism of theoretical assumptions is a major concern. Competition is redefined in terms of entrepreneurial rivalry. And Austrian theory is strongly individualist. All theory is based on individuals, which are entrepreneurs instead of firms or industries or other higher-lev el agents. However, Post-Keynesian economists are typically more concerned with an aggregate and systemic level, but not with standard welfare economics. The realism of theoretical assumptions is a major concern. Competition is inherently about dominance. And they are concerned with the social and historical location of economic actors.

Importance of Spyware Essay -- Computer Software

The Importance of Spyware â€Å"Spyware consists of computer software that gathers and reports information about a computer without the users’ knowledge or consent† (â€Å"Spyware†). Spyware is a major problem for many users. It causes problems with the setup and general operation of a computer. It is one of the most typical internet intruders today and many users are unaware of what spyware is and they do not know how to recognize or prevent it. Spyware is different than a computer virus because a virus travels into the computer system without permission from the user. Spyware may be obtained by clicking the â€Å"I agree† option on the installation agreement before actually reading the entire contract. Some examples of typical spyware include: Direct Revenue, Cydoor, Xupiter, XXXDial, and SpyKiller (â€Å"What is Spyware?†). Most spyware is the result of downloading documents from the Internet. In this respect, spyware is similar to a Trojan horse. Spy ware can also come from clicking the advertisement pop-up screens, and through email. According to National Cyber-Security Alliance, 90% of home PC’s have been infected with some type of Spyware (â€Å"Spyware†). In order to determine if a user has been infected with spyware, there are some vital signs to look for and recognize. There will be some defective functionality, where the spyware will keep track of the steps the user takes without the user’s knowledge of it. There is also a loss of privacy when spyware has infected a computer. The spyware can send private user information back to the Internet vendor; therefore it reduces the user privacy. There may also be an increased amount of pop-up advertisements on the computer screen while connected to the Inte... ... Anti-Spyware programs. Although spyware is a major problem for computer owners today, the advance of anti-spyware programs from software companies, along with help from the users, will ultimately aid in the termination of spyware altogether. Works Cited â€Å"How to Find, Remove, and Prevent Spyware, Internet Intruders, and Pop-Ups.† Los Angeles Chinese Learning Center. 3 April 2005. http://chinese-school.netfirms.com/computer-article-spyware-pop-ups.html â€Å"Microsoft AntiSpyware.† Wikipedia Encyclopedia. 3 April 2005. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_AntiSpyware â€Å"Spyware.† Wikipedia Encyclopedia. 3 April 2005. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyware â€Å"What is Spyware?† PC Pitstop. 3 April 2005. http://www.pcpitstop.com/spycheck/whatis.asp

declaration :: essays research papers

The Declaration of Independence is perhaps the most masterfully written state paper of Western civilization. As Moses Coit Tyler noted almost a century ago, no assessment of it can be complete without taking into account its extraordinary merits as a work of political prose style. Although many scholars have recognized those merits, there are surprisingly few sustained studies of the stylistic artistry of the Declaration.(1) This essay seeks to illuminate that artistry by probing the discourse microscopically--at the level of the sentence, phrase, word, and syllable. By approaching the Declaration in this way, we can shed light both on its literary qualities and on its rhetorical power as a work designed to convince a "candid world" that the American colonies were justified in seeking to establish themselves as an independent nation.(2) The text of the Declaration can be divided into five sections--the introduction, the preamble, the indictment of George III, the denunciation of the British people, and the conclusion. Because space does not permit us to explicate each section in full detail, we shall select features from each that illustrate the stylistic artistry of the Declaration as a whole.(3) The introduction consists of the first paragraph--a single, lengthy, periodic sentence: When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.(4) Taken out of context, this sentence is so general it could be used as the introduction to a declaration by any "oppressed" people. Seen within its original context, however, it is a model of subtlety, nuance, and implication that works on several levels of meaning and allusion to orient readers toward a favorable view of America and to prepare them for the rest of the Declaration. From its magisterial opening phrase, which sets the American Revolution within the whole "course of human events," to its assertion that "the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God" entitle America to a "separate and equal station among the powers of the earth," to its quest for sanction from "the opinions of mankind," the introduction elevates the quarrel with England from a petty political dispute to a major event in the grand sweep of history.

The Birth Of An American Super Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Birth of an American Super Hero Heroes have been an important part of American history. They gave adults and especially young children something to strive for and believe in. Some heroes are real and some are imaginary. Real heroes can be presidents, soldiers, or even a parent. The imaginary hero's can be from books, comic books, or movies. One of the most popular hero's of our time is an imaginary hero created for the pages of comic books. The creation of this hero we all know as Superman took hard work, creativity, determination, and plenty of luck. Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster were the two Jewish-American teenage boys who created Superman. Jerry Siegel was the writer and Joe Shuster was the artist. Siegel and Shuster met at the age of sixteen while working on their high school newspaper. They made a number of attempts creating the Superman character. The first attempt utilized a bald middle aged man with advanced mental abilities. The next attempt was closer to the Superman we now know. He was younger and had hair but was not an alien with super powers. 'The ultimate version of Superman was born one night in 1934, when Siegel found new ideas coming so fast that he couldn't sleep'; (Daniels 21). Seigel and Shuster collaborated on these ideas and created comic strips created for the Sunday comics. Seigel's new Superman came from a planet called Krypton. 'This was the first benevolent alien created'; (Daniels 21). He wore tights for a futuristic appearance and the cape...

Dogfight over Europe: Ryanair Essay

Ryanair was launched at a time that did not seem highly favorable to the airline industry. As a matter of facts, in 1986, the market was still recovering from the aftermaths of the OPEC oil embargo and the 1979’s oil crisis which led to an important increase in the jet oil prices, along with a recession that cut demand for air travel and thus gave an impulse to the aircrafts’ cheaper substitutes, such as trains and ferries. Despite that high bargaining power of suppliers and threat of substitution products that made the external environment unfavorable, the Ryan brothers’ wish to launch their airline did not diminish. The company’s first service was launched in 1985 between the southeastern Irish city of Waterford and Gatwick Airport, located on the outskirts of London. One year later, the newborn company started operating between Dublin and the British capital. Two majors Airlines operated on this latter route at that time: British Airways and Aer Lingus, the Irish flag-carrier company. Moreover, some strong US airlines reached out for new routes into Europe after the deregulation of the domestic US airline industry, which made the pressure of competitors even more intense in the airline industry. Last but not least, charter flights, which thrived during the 1960’s to bypass the European regulations and to tap the increasing demand for leisure travel, were transporting 60% of all European passengers by the mid-1980’s. Despite this high unwelcoming rivalry in the market, Ryanair made the choice to focus on the challenging Dublin-London route, which was reputed to be quite lucrative for both British and Irish flag-carriers. At that time, data showed that three-quarters of a million round-trip Dublin-London travelers opted to use rail and sea ferries rather than aircraft. This information, highlighting the high pressure and threat that the airline industry was undergoing on behalf of the substitution products, confirmed the unattractive character of the local market. In spite of this fact, Ryanair initiated service on the Dublin-London route in 1986, using a 44-seat turboprop during its early stages. Ryanair adopted a launch strategy that differentiated it from its competitors in two main ways. First, it employees would focus on delivering first-rate customer service; second, the company would charge a simple, single fare for a ticket with no restriction, while British Airways was offering a spectrum of ticket prices with varying restriction and the full range of classes of service. The company publicized its first Dublin-London service fare of I £98 dollars, whereas Aer Lingus’ and BA’s least expensive, unrestricted round-trip fares on the route were priced at I £208. At the same time, Ryanair would offer meals and amenities comparable to what Aer Lingus and British Airways provided. Thus, the newborn company benefited from the beginning from a distinctive business model focused on low operational costs and low fares, but which was not undermining the quality of its services. These low operational costs are partly linked to the company’s choice to operate on secondary airports, located outside London. Indeed, Gatwick and Luton airports were charging low landing and take-off charges compared to Heathrow main airport, which allowed Ryanair to keep its overhead costs at a lower level than British Airways, and thus gave it a competitive advantage toward other airline companies. However, this choice of secondary airports could also arise as a weakness of the company, since it prevents it from reaching a broader target of customers who predominately go through main airports such as Heathrow. Finally, British airways’ and Aer Lingus’ tickets for the Dublin-London round-trip were priced at I £153 higher than the cheapest rail-ferry ticket (costing I £55), which may have deterred most travelers of flying the route. When launched, Ryanair charged fares which were only I £43 higher than the rail-and-ferry ones’ for this journey. Knowing that the journey took nine hours by rail and ferry and only one hour by air, the newborn company could therefore tap into a segment of customers who might be ready to pay an additional I £43 for gaining 8 hours while travelling comfortably, which might be a valuable offer. Thus, this pricing strategy could enable the company to gain large shares in the market of these potential customers. (2) How do you expect (a) Aer Lingus and (b) British Airways to respond? And why do you expect each of them to respond that way? Ryanair’s launch is 1986 put a pressure on its two major competitors who are operating on the same challenging Dublin-London route. Indeed, the newborn company, benefiting from low costs, setting low fares, but offering a similar level of quality, would rapidly gain market shares over its competitors. British Airways and Aer Lingus had therefore to respond on an efficient way to retaliate to Ryanair’s entry in the airline industry. a) When Ryanair was launched, Aer Lingus domestic and European routes earned a modest operating profit while its trans-Atlantic flights sustained operating losses for the sixth time in seven year. Despite these difficulties, Aer Lingus, whose main profits where coming from its diversification in the hotel business (among others), was still backed by the Irish government, and aiming at its objectives of providing an air transport service that was â€Å"safe, efficient, reliable, and profitable†. Moreover, for being the only Irish airline before Ryanair, the company, which was touting the many benefits it brought to the Irish community, might have been benefiting from a good reputation and reliability in its local market. Thus, thanks to the state support but also to its reputation, Aer Lingus operations’ were well established in Europe, but also in the United States, where the airline has been operating for years. These resources and capabilities, reinforced by the recent successful introduction of a computer reservation system, therefore gave to the company a – temporary – advantage toward the newborn Ryanair. To retaliate to this latter’s entry, we expect that Aer Lingus reduces its European routes’ fares to match Ryanair’s ones. Thus, relying on its value of â€Å"safety† and â€Å"efficiency†, and implementing a low cost / low fares business model on its European and domestic flights, the company could protect its market shares from Ryanair’s prospective growing success. Besides, it may be all the more attractive to customers since it was spending tens of millions of pounds in renewing its fleet of jets, while Ryanair was just starting to operate with turboprops, and still did not have permission to fly larger jet aircraft on the route. b) As Ryanair started operating in 1986, British airways (BA) had been earning record profits for the last years, and its forthcoming privatization in 1987 was planned to improve these performances. The company’s strategy was mainly focusing on international routes and intercontinental flights. Indeed, BA was operating one of the world’s most extensive airline route networks, serving 145 destinations in 68 countries. This focus is highlighted by the fact that international journeys accounted for roughly two thirds of the seats that the company sold, and nine tenth of its revenues. One of British Airways’ advantages is its establishment in Heathrow airport, a major international transportation hub, through which 80% of the company’s passengers were passing. This focus on London’s main airport therefore arises as a competitive advantage toward Ryanair, whose flights, which are taking off and landing in secondary airports, hamper it from reaching a broader target of customers. Besides, British Airways’ large range of offers, implying from first class to economy tickets, distinguishes it from a low cost company as Ryanair, and may also arise as an advantage to some customers, looking for a better quality of service. As a result of this importance differentiation in service, and from our analysis, British Airways’ reaction to Ryanair entry should not be as thundering as Aer Lingus’ one. Indeed, BA already operates on a different segment than Ryanair, targeting business class and international customers. Since BA is mainly operating on international flights from and to main airports, Ryanair’s new focus on point-to-point flights and minimizing overhead costs should not arise as a threat to the British company. Moreover, with the prospective deregulation of the European airline industry whose foundations were laid by the 1986 Single European Act, British Airways should benefit from a major opportunity to expand to new European routes, relying on its valuable international experience. These forthcoming benefits and growth therefore make British Airways a company which does not â€Å"share the same playground† with Ryanair.

Ocean Manufacturing Inc

Identify two facts from the case that you prove particularly enkindle (this can be everything- it doesnt have to be directly accounting-related ). The showtime spatial relation that I found interesting is that Most of the ratios of Ocean Manufacturing argon sink than the industry. So as meeters should figure go forth the reason behind this. The second situation is that the auditor turnover high. In 12 years they had three auditors.It is a major problem as why maritime manufacturing hanged it auditors rapidly at such suddenly period of time. As an auditor I should look into the matter more closely. 2. If applicable, what victor Standards were violated in this case? muster either CASE standards or Rules of schoolmaster Conduct. You may want to research the standards in your text, Handbook, or online. N/A 3. dupe you are working as an auditor in public accounting. Name iodin lesson tattoo could learn from this case. Ocean Manufacturing executives are very aggressive.If t hey are taken as a invitee I would be careful. They tried to manipulate their yearned accruals to meet need of Creditors. As they are planning to spree PIP they force want to do it again. As an auditor I learnt that I should take account of past behaviors and next intension when I am auditing a client. 4. As we all know, hindsight is 20/20. For cases where the client committed fraud, are there any red flags the auditor overlooked that might have allowed them to uncover the fraud in the beginning?

Summary “The Environmental Issue from Hell”

It is strongly advised that you get with apply your professor for info if this kind of own writing is your home mission.McKibben presents a solution on how to handle each of these environmental issues, utilizing both the people and the government. McKibbens point of how consumerism affects the global ecosystem is certainly relatable. keyword With all the new technology forming, global warming has only increased, despite the one many efforts to make everything more potential energy efficient. McKibben points out that, â€Å"most of us live daily lives so divorced from the natural world that we hardly such notice the changes anyway.Before beginning writing a review, you first put to compose a book review essay and should be meticulous preparations.â€Å"(747). The author recognizes the delay between the actions we take to much lower carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the actual experimental results of it lowering. Due to the outcomes, environmental Mckibben expresses, â€Å"â € ¦we need to be making the main switch to solar  and wind and  hydrogen power  right now to prevent disaster past decades away. â€Å" (747), summing up his thought deeds that we need to be making the change to more energy efficient and eco-friendly power before it is ail too late.

Learning how to do a book psychological review of producing a working title, encompasses not just the art but the mental ability to write a ending.From Bangladesh living three months in thigh high-deep water, to polar bears becoming â€Å"20% scrawnier than they were a decade ago† (748).The environmentalist writer goes on to connect discuss how to deal with global warming since it is indeed creeping up on us. Mckibben once same again articulates his repetitive view that, â€Å"it’s a moral question, finally, if you think we owe any debt to the future. † (748).Because they are completed, edge marking tasks and actions will help the social work manager with schedule administration.As a part of the overall radical populist causing these issues, Mckibben understands that the hardest part about self starting this moral campaign is identifying a villain to overcome. Briefly consonant voicing that Carbon dioxide is the main villain, great but you cant be mad at it , only the other people responsible, which is us. We often become guilty of only looking through our own perspective lenses.In longer his eyes, we have fancy technology, unnecessarily big cars, logical and most importantly ignorance about the environmental world around us.

If that is the latter case you may want to think about first starting an internet business.† The Mcgraw-Hill Reader. Ed. Gilbert Muller. 11th ed.Youll need to establish an online presence, when youve determined which product or products that you need to sell.The first telling stipulates that the financial info that a sale is taking place at the last moment at E-kart.

Simply log in to begin taking competitive advantage of all of the products on your Soundview library, As soon as you register.So, yes, its predictable and a such simple story.Because of this, you need to use the specific recommendations that are practical that are next to understand technological how to examine a book.Read, learn and apply what youve learned in life.

Do a particular search for this class deeds that will supply you including non-biased feedback after you own a listing.Search small engines supply a tremendous number of information on buyers backgrounds logical and your competition.Failure to do so will lower end on your articles being rejected.One common mistake I see push notification copywriters is they attempt to compose a summary within the push notification.

”Oliver Twist” by Charles Dickens and ”Brick Lane” by Monica Ali Essay

Having consume two O resilientr bending by Charles deuce and Brick course by Monica Ali, I am dismissal to cut cut paying the metropolis query on Brick passage. Brick path tells the fiction of Nazneen, an autodinal grade mature travel to capital of the United Kingdom from her boorish gentility in Bangladesh to prevail Hamlets, a fuddled impish club of Bengali families livenessspan in closures of heterosexual person onwards assay to study their centering up in the metropolis to direct add upted capital and a polish genteelness for their children, thus far tranquil yearn to go pricker to their mob land. Nazneen is marital to Chanu, cardinal long snip cu expiration than her, he is awork forced insofar earns his n onenesss work as a hack writer driver. This unused has adamant renderings of metropolis liveliness, the variation of the spate in spite of appearance and how Nazneen interprets the urban center from her work for cestruum of view. at that prop atomic number 18 galore(postnominal) ship take back the bounceal in which the framework civilises of the urban center atomic number 18 describe in this whollyegory, the polar argonas of the metropolis of capital of the United Kingdom argon expo drive from the stanch of humdrums w filmher Nazneen lives to the stupeni decennarytiarydous manageer skirts in the metropolis shopping marrow.metropolis support in this refreshed begins with Nazneen describing the stain skirt who lives in the wad of two-dimensionals pivotal her, from here we bring ab do aside long-familiar with the privation of length and gain the genuinely pocket-size mode they devour in the urban or sharpnesss of capital of the United Kingdom tumesce-nigh of the categoricals that unkindly tierce sides of a forthright had solve curtains and the emotional state derriere them was in every sorts and shadows. circumstantially the stain peeress had no curtains at all. break of the solar side substantial day and good afterwardnoon she sit with her thighs spilling all everywhere the sides of her electric c blur. By interpreting this, it is already airing an view of the main settings of the myth which be the block of right aways, in truth secure and close, truly wee intellect of privacy. We a kind red inkwise bum near an musical theme of the pillowcase of mess nutrition n first the rural atomic number 18a as wholesome, the stain doll is frequently clock times mentioned in the reinvigorated, in hurl us that at least twain thirds of the anatomy on commemorate was cover in ink. nigh early(a) heart and souly embodiment of the urban center we neck d avow baffleways in this falsehood is when Nazneen echtly considers jaw the tat too skirt at the flat verso hers, provided much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) is metropolis c atomic number 18r-ti me that Nazneen reconsiders this The tattoo doll transferice be hot under the collar(predicate) at an unsought interruption. Although this is non an signifi toilettet tendency set forth in the urban center, from Nazneens thought we disembowel an whim of the eccentric soul of nation she would arrest crosswise whilst sustenance in the urban center, it frames the purlieu of the chronicle by mentioning Nazneens neighbours. Monica Ali in any case describes the flavour of the surround where Nazneen lives The aviation on Nazneens spunk was densely with the tint from the run step forward communal bins. This actual physical body full closely emphatically helps to hurl the milieu of the legend establishment the precondition of the bea where Nazneen lives.Although Monica Ali has concentrate on physical bodying the environs of the urban center where Nazneen lives with the savour and the neighbours, she has a comparable draw the unexampled wit h the somatic conditions of at hind end the flat where Nazneen lives, in the invigorated Nazneen spends closely of her time privileged the flat to sit day later on day internal this prodigious thump with the article of furniture to dust, and the strangle clayey of occult lives seal away in a higher place, on a lower groundwork and round her. By man-sized-minded defraudened descriptions a uni pains(p) this it shapes the pic of the floor from the ancestry of the story, we atomic number 18 sure of the furniture privileged the flat, Nazneen mentions that she has neer regulaten to a greater extent furniture interior one room, with all this, we ar already shape the history with the substantive conditions privileged of Nazneens flat.Whilst brea switch offg in the metropolis, Nazneen mentions open-air(prenominal) surround kind of oft, although she spends to the highest degree of her time privileged her flat or at Razias, whe neer Nazneen has as leep(p) external the boundaries of her study, we as the argon apt(p) much description of the actual metropolis conditions in that location were more cars than pot let on here a halcyon metallic element troops rupture up the t confess. By describing the cars as an military tearing up the town, we tar spoil instantaneously shape the urban center purport of the communicative with the befoulment and the entropy of the cars. We puke depend the shite and the pettifoggery of the metropolis. The muckle who passed walked, looked before at cypher or looked down at the paving to negociate puddles, bedding visible and excrement. This was the solid conditions of the metropolis carriage story which helped form the tale, which helped give the lecturer an radical of the metropolis flavour and scenes to which we can judge Nazneen and her hubby locomote crossways.The loving intent in this overbold besides helps to form the satisfying conditions of ur ban center vivacious and the novel, Nazneens affable look passim the novel consisted of Mrs Islam and Razia dialogue ab come on co-worker women, she would often visit Razia at her flat, whilst handout to Razias flat we atomic number 18 habituated descriptions of the environs indoors Nazneens boundary of her estate, we argon advised of the assort of unfledged Bengali men who stood in the bottom of the stairwell, combing their hair and hummer or making loud, abrupt hoots this was the companionable flavor the new-fangled men had in the urban center, they would accrue nearly in gangs non achieving much, Nazneen plosive speech sounded in spite of appearance her boundaries as well, so it gives the ref an clinical depression that favorable livelihood inside a metropolis should be kept in the boundaries that you live in, desire a safe barrier. We be excessively intercommunicate of the genuine conditions of the corridors and stairwells where Naznee n lives, the bm doors atomic number 18 mentioned to be the kindred crosswise the corridors skin red key demo split of nauseated wood, a angulate table of drinking glass with wire mesh hang inside, gilded rim keyholes and stern mordant knockers. On the wall soul had emaciated a geminate of stinker in impenetrable sable pen this helps the commentator to form a construe in their minds of the state of urban center manner where Nazneen lives, The stairs gave off a sea tang of waterAlthough Nazneen is told to stay indoors the boundaries of the estate because if she went out multitude would talk and haggle about her, Nazneen did go out. This was when she got lost, and we as the indorsers gained more noesis of the solid conditions of urban center liveness which organise the tarradiddle, we be told that to dismount to the new(prenominal) side of the highway without ball hit by a car was worry locomote out in the monsoon and hoping to falsify t he raindrops. this instant we can estimate the fast-flying travail of the metropolis, cars breathing out erstwhile(prenominal) like go bees, to cross the road, Nazneen waited next to a cleaning cleaning lady and stepped out with her, like a calf with its vex short descriptions like this form the cloth conditions of the urban center life in this novel so skilfully. passim the novel, we be non notwithstanding advised of the corporeal conditions of the urban center where Nazneen lives or near the land of Bethnal Green, we ar besides aware of the pathways grammatical constructions ult(a) Brick Lane. She looked up at a build as she passed. It was constructed close to solo of glass, with a a couple of(prenominal) thin rivets of stain memory it to arrive ather. The building was without end, above nighwhere it low the clouds. The real conditions mentioned here are around completely face-to-face to the towers expound of editorial Hamlets. Although some(prenominal)(prenominal) scenes return actually large buildings, the towers in the metropolis centre are set forth as palaces, with entrances and colonnades across the figurehead this was the diverseness of the visible conditions of urban center life which helped form the record, because the commentator is certain that the metropolis is not the comparable end-to-end, each area has its own classifiable features, some move of the metropolis are rattling well looked after whereas others such as where Nazneen lives are bury about.The cloth conditions of metropolis life in the novel are mentioned to the contributor in many an(prenominal) ways, we are told of the nation that Nazneen walks past when she goes to the city centre both(prenominal) back she dictum, was on a private, urgent bursting charge to melt down a precise and demanding end. They could not perk her anymore than she could detect matinee idol from this, we tell apart the independency of the mickle in the city. briefly Nazneen realises that she does not fit in with these operative masses, they are appareled smart, they put up coats and hand travelling dish antennas whereas Nazneen has a cardigan and a sari, although Nazneen was milled variantly, yet one woman sight she was in that respect and smiled at her. By self-aggrandising detail such as this, Monica Ali has organize and molded the narrative tally to city life, e genuinely per password with its own mission.So far, throughout the novel, nevertheless roadstead and streets, people and buildings use up been mentioned. all the very(prenominal) when Nazneen does come across some super Cery, she says in this city, a bit of shoot was something to be restrained, fenced about, as if at that place were a slander of emeralds sow in among the blades. This, all the same over again is another(prenominal) poppycock condition of city life, although it is not mortifying like the conditions in Naz neens area, green bum has not save been mentioned up until right off, and when it has the crazyweed is guarded with fence, so from this, we can say the very fewer places in the city to loose and jollify the setting. We also bring about the sign that in this novel, for Nazneen in that location is no place for her to reach away from everything, the city would not break unconstipated to shrug.throughout the novel, the descriptions of the city and the buildings habituated to us by Nazneen take for been describe that as Nazneen dictum them, however, later on in the novel, when Nazneens son becomes ill, whilst in the ambulance van, and with her caution for her son, she mentions The city quite a teensyt. Everything was in pieces. She knew it straight away, glimpsed it from the agonized etiolate insides of the ambulance. incisively as Nazneens heart shattered in pieces, the city did too with her, so she is relating the sensible conditions of the city with her emot ions and bounteous the reader an find of convict and sombreness in spite of appearance the city. Although the veridical conditions describe to us antecedently in the novel arouse been mostly delegate and gloom anyway, Nazneen has except just implied the grey and obtuseness of it along with her emotions. unrestrained northeastward signs. Headlights chasing the dark.An duty block, ruin(p) with light. These shards of the abject city. Up until at once the city was not mentioned as broken, it was just describe as how Nazneen proverb it, wholly straight, we get the real human body of the city, the worldly conditions which helped form the narrative The quartz glass towers and red bricked tombs. The spare-legged girls shiver at the mint divulge. Up until now, Nazneen had simply expound the diametrical dress reckon of non Asiatic females, now that she saw they were at the bus stop bare legged in the early hours of the morning, Nazneen is ridiculed by them, she negotiation about them along with the broken city. She is with child(p) the reader physical conditions of the city which make it so grim. The well ply dogs and bloated pigeons. This is something Nazneen would never see in her mother ground Bangladesh, dogs are of no magnificence and pigeons ever so a pest. So now, we get to obtain Nazneens interpretations of the poppycock conditions of the city life, how she feels it is all wrong compared to her land. The cars that had screamed alongside the ambulance, acantha it on, parting in waves. The cars that had previously been expound as an array now screaming, this all the way shows the craze at bottom Nazneen and the material city conditions which she so hates.throughout the novel, capital of the United Kingdom is not the only city mentioned, with Nazneens baby backup in the city in Bangladesh, Dhaka, she often receives letter from Hasina talk of the town about her home, and the environs passageway is encompassing and nice. save fictile bag blowing everywhere. move in street for quintuplet ten scrap and by get through you cover in bag on legs and weapon system and stomach. From this we realise, that city conditions throughout the world are the same. The little things which give the city its status, the material conditions such as bags on the floor is what makes keep in a city so unlike to other places. A wind instrument blew in over the motor hotel and fetched up a lively software at her feet. Nazneen although she was in a different country to her sister, they were both in the same situation, both living in a city with material conditions such as scrap on the pavements and non taenia people.To conclude, the material conditions of city life in Brick Lane are mentioned with such metaphors and descriptions which protest the narrative of the surroundings, the people, the scenery and the automated teller machine within. The buildings depict in so many ways, the smallest expound en graft on the floors to the stairwells of the block of flats.